Q. 2 Explain evolution of different approaches of management.
Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions (8615)
Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year)
Semester: Spring, 2019
Assignment No.1
Answer:
The three approaches to the evolution of management. The
approaches are:
1. The Classical Approach
2. The Behavioral
Approach
3. The Quantitative Approach.
1. The Classical Approach:
The classical school represented
the first major systematic approach to management thought. It was distinguished
by its emphasis on finding way to get the work of each employee done faster. It
is primarily based upon the economic rationality of all employees.
This evolved that people are
motivated by economic incentives and that they will rationally consider
opportunities that provide for them the greatest economic gain. The classical
school can be broken down into three historical philosophies of management.
B. Administrative Management Approach:
Scientific management focused
primarily on the efficiency of production, but administrative management focused
on formal organization structure and the delineation of the basic process of
general management. This approach is also known as functional or process
approach andis based primarily on the ideas of Henry Fayol (1841-1925).
Henry Fayol is recognized as the
first person to systematize the administrative approach activities into six
groups, all of which are closely dependent on one another.
2. The Behavioral Approach:
The behavioural approach on the human relations approach is
based upon the premise of increase in production and managerial efficiency
through an understanding of the people.
The human relations approach of
management involves with the human behaviour and focused attention on the human
beings in the organization. The growth and popularity of this approach is
attributable to Elton Mayo (1880- 1949)
and his Hawthorne experiments.
The Hawthorne experiments were
carried out at the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. These experiments
were carried out by Elton Mayo and the staff of the Harvard Business School,
main researchers was Elton Mayo, White Head, Roethlisberger and Dickson. The
first of Mayo’s four studies took place at a Philadelphia textile mill.
The problem he investigated was
excessive labour turnover in a department where work was particularly monotonous
and fatiguing. The workers tended to sink into a dejected, disconsolate mood
soon after being assigned there eventually they would lose their tempers for no
apparent reason and impulsively quit. At first Mayo thought the reason for the
worker’s behaviour must be physical fatigue.
So, he instituted a series of
rest periods, during the workday. In course of trying to schedule these periods in the most efficient manner,
management experimented withallowing the workers to do the scheduling
themselves.
The effect was dramatic. Turnover
fell sharly to about the same level as that for the rest of the plant,
productivity shot upward and the melancholy moods disappeared.
Similar results were obtained at
the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. Mayo’s another studies made
at the Bank hiring room and at an aircraft factory. Hence the Mayo’s study
showed that the role played by social needs is more responsive to the social
forces operating at work than the economic rewards.
3. The Quantitative Approach:
This approach involves the
application of modern quantitative or mathematical techniques for solving
managerial problems. This approach is also known as decision theory approach,
mathematical approach, quantitative approach, operational approach etc. These
quantitative tools and methodologies are designed to add in decision- making
relating to operations and production.
According to Lindsay, these techniques assist the management
for improving their decisions by:
(i) Increasing the number of
alternatives that can be considered.
(ii) Assisting in faster
decision-making based upon objective analysis of available information.
(iii) Helping management in
evaluating the risks and results of different courses of action.
(iv) Helping to bring into
optimum balance the many diverse elements of a modern enterprise.
The technique generally involves
the following 4 steps:
(i) A mathematical model is
constructed with variables reflecting the important factors in the situation to
be analyzed.
(ii) The decision rules are
established and some standards are set for the purpose of comparing the
relative merits of possible courses of actions.
(iii) The empirical data is
gathered which would relate parameters in the goal utility.
(iv) The mathematical
calculations are executed so as to find a course of action that will maximize
the objective function or the goal utility.
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