Explain the parts of Proposal | BASICS OF TECHNICAL ENGLISH | Course Code: 6465

BASICS OF TECHNICAL ENGLISH | Course Code: 6465

Q. 3  Explain the parts of Proposal.

Parts of Proposal

Title of research proposal

The first and foremost step is to search out a tentative topic of your intended research. The proposed title should have the flexibility to be revised and edited at any stage of research. Topic should include two things; dependent variable and independent variable.

Abstract

The next step in writing a research proposal is to write down an abstract of your study. An abstract will follow the main body of research. An abstract is a written concise statement which tells the whole study in a nut shell. It is a small breakup of the research, including all the details in a short manner.

Introduction:

In writing a research proposal the next step is to introduce your topic to the reader/audience. In philosophical terms it is called ontological perspective of research. The researcher should start a proposal with a clear ontological position dealing with the fundamental existence of nature. Crotty (2003) defined ontology as ‘study of being’. It is about ‘what kind of world we are investigating, with nature of existence, with structure of reality as such’. Guba & Lincoln (1989) stated that ontological assumption are considered those that can respond to the question ‘what is out there, which can be known? Or what could be the nature of existing reality?

Background of the study

The next step is to give a little bit background so that the readers’ can get a clearer understanding of research proposal. There is a difference between the introduction and background of the study, the students’ should not confuse the two. An introduction is an attempt to present preliminary data of research proposal because the readers’ will be interested to read it. The background of the research proposal discusses it at length whereas in introduction only a brief overview is given.

Statements of the problem Usually a statement of problem is given under this heading. In this statement the researcher define the problem at length, and try to capitalize it under the given circumstances. The problem statement is mandatory and must highlight the issues which need to be addressed in the research proposal.

Objectives of the study

After giving a problem statement, the next step of a research proposal is to state its objectives. The researcher should state clear and achievable objectives which are realistic. Sometimes it may happen that the objectives look very rosy on paper but it becomes difficult for the researcher to meet them. Such objectives should be avoided, last but not the least objectives should be in line with the research questions.

Research questions/Hypothesis

There is no research proposal which does not include research questions or hypothesis in the study. Research questions are guiding principles of the study that are necessary to be defined in the beginning of any research. If the study is quantitative, it should include a hypothesis—which is a guess or hunch statement about the topic of the study. This statement should be proved positive or negative with the findings of the study. If the research is qualitative it must include at least three questions regarding the research of which the research must seek its answer.

Significance of the study

In this section the researcher should highlight the sociological, economic and cultural importance of the proposed research. What kind of impact this research would have, and what it could achieve? The significance would tell the reader that if this research is not done it could have a negative impact on the desired population and similarly by doing this research the community could get the maximum benefit.

Delimitation of the study

The next most important step is called delimitation. In this section the research would delimit the already selected area. What could be achieved remaining in the limited time period and having required resources? Definitely, the researcher cannot study and investigate the whole desired area; therefore, it is mandatory to cut it short according to sizable population and subject.

Time scale

The last step in this section is giving a time scale, which would elaborate a tentative time period for each chapter. It would not only clear the researcher’s mind but it will also give an idea to the supervisor or guide that how much time will the proposed study will take to get it finished.

Literature Review

A literature review must contain the summary of what kind of knowledge is already available on a particular subject. It must be gathered through secondary sources, which have been already written by other theorists and researchers. It does not dig not new information and new knowledge rather it can pave the way for further research. It focuses on the relevant material which should be brought in by the researcher to illustrate the topic or point under discussion. It always contains the data collected by the previous researchers on the same subject and it may also present theoretical stand point given by the theorists or recognized experts working in the field

Methodology:

In this section, the researcher will answer the question ‘how’, what ways and means to be adopted to bring out expected result. It will include larger methodological breakup including research paradigm, type and methods of analysis to be included in research proposal.

Design

Research design is an organised approach that a researcher can use in the research proposal. It is the handsome synchronization of all the mentioned components along with data which result in a possible outcome. The research design should have a proper methodology in order to comply with accurate and authentic results.

Tools

There are different kinds of tools used in a research to elicit data from the subjects/population. E.g questionnaire, interview etc

Grant for Research

The students’ are required to fill the following form in order to obtain travel grant for their research paper. Higher Education Commission Pakistan provides the students’ travel grant option if they want to go abroad to present their paper in a conference.

Data Analysis:

This chapter is reserved for data presentation, tabulation and analysis. The data collected in the previous chapter via different tools mentioned are analyzed with various methods of analysis. The statistical representation and tabulation are one form of exhibiting the data.

Discussion

This section is reserved for discussion on the various themes emerged from the data analysis chapter. The sole purpose of discussion is interpretation and description keeping in view the significance of the known findings of the proposed research study.

Conclusion

The main goal of your proposal is to let the board know what you will be writing your paper on. It is a research idea that needs to be original and add to the overall knowledge on the subject. It needs to convince the board that your paper has enough information on it to conduct a study on. It also has to be unique and something that builds on the knowledge in the field. You won’t be able to move on to actually writing your paper until this part is completed.

Differentiate Image Scanner and Data Scanner | Basics of ICT (5403)

 Basics of ICT (5403)

Question no 2.   Differentiate the following: –

(a) Image Scanner & Data Scanner

Image Scanner

Image scanner is a device which scans pictures, text or objects and converts them to digital images. The basic types of image scanners are flat bed, hand, film and drum scanners.

Flatbed scanners are what we call Xerox machines ,in which an object or document is placed on a glass pane and an opaque cover is lowered over it. A sensor and light moves along the pane, reflecting of the image placed on the glass. The cover prevents other light from interfering and the image becomes visible to the detector. Once an image is scanned into an image scanner, the data must be processed and sent to a computer. Most scanners read red-green-blue color from the color array.

The Depth of color depends on the array Characteristics, but is typically 24 bits at least. Higher quality models have a color depth of 48 bits or more. The pixel per inch measures the resolution of the image.

There are three main types of image scanners. These are hand scanners, film scanners and drum scanners. A hand image scanner comes in document or 3D forms. These are used to be manually moved across an object tor image to be scanned.

Photo copiers use flatbed scanner to capture an image, then it can be reprinted.

The scanner produces light from green LEDs which highlight and scan the image on to a computer to be viewed.  An image scanner can also be 3D, and these scanners are now the most popular form of hand scanners on the market today. These image scanners are able to compensate for the uneven movements of the hand byre lying on placement reference markers to mark correct position

 

Data Scanner

Scanner data are the data recorded by the retailers when consumers make purchases. They include, for each article sold in a store on a given day, the quantity of articles sold and the sales price.  They are transmitted daily by the retail chains to Insee.

These data are used in the compilation of the Consumer Price Index or in research on this indicator.

Context:

Scanner data constitute a rapidly expanding source of data with considerable potential for CPI purposes. They are also being used increasingly for purposes of hedonic analysis.

Source Publication:

ILO, IMF, OECD, Eurostat, UNECE, World Bank, 2004, Consumer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice, International Labour Office, Geneva.

 

Differentiate Drum Printer & Pen Plotter | Basics of ICT (5403)

Basics of ICT (5403)

Question no 2.   Differentiate the following: –

(b) Drum Printer & pen Plotter

Drum Printer

An impact printer in which a complete set of characters for each print position on a line is on a continuously rotating drum behind an inked ribbon, with paper in front of the ribbon; identical characters are printed simultaneously at all required positions on a line, on the fly, by signal-controlled hammers.

(1) A wide-format inkjet printer. The paper is taped onto a drum for precise alignment to the nozzles.

(2) An old line printer technology that used formed character images around a cylindrical drum as its printing mechanism. When the desired character for the selected position rotated around to the hammer line, the hammer hit the paper from behind and pushed it into the ribbon and onto the character.

 A Pen Printer

A pen printer is real full function printer; it uses the pen’s ink as the ink cartridges for the printer. The Pen Printer is very small in size; it can easily fit in your bag, briefcase, etc. A Pen Printer is also a way to recycle because whenever our pen is out of ink we will throw it away, but you can still refill the pen’s ink if it is out of ink for the Pen Printer.

The advantages of pen printer are that they are small in size, light and portable, unlike normal printer. Pen Printer can have high quality printouts too, they are also very convenient.

Pen plotters print by moving a pen or other instrument across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are vector graphics devices, rather than raster graphics as with other printers.

Differentiate LCD & LED Monitors | Basics of ICT (5403)

 Basics of ICT (5403)

Question no 2.   Differentiate the following: –

(c) LCD & LED Monitors

LED

In the simplest terms, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current is passed through it. Light is produced when the particles that carry the current (known as electrons and holes) combine together within the semiconductor material.

Since light is generated within the solid semiconductor material, LEDs are described as solid-state devices. The term solid-state lighting, which also encompasses organic LEDs (OLEDs), distinguishes this lighting technology from other sources that use heated filaments (incandescent and tungsten halogen lamps) or gas discharge (fluorescent lamps).

Different colors

Inside the semiconductor material of the LED, the electrons and holes are contained within energy bands. The separation of the bands (i.e. the bandgap) determines the energy of the photons (light particles) that are emitted by the LED.

The photon energy determines the wavelength of the emitted light, and hence its color. Different semiconductor materials with different bandgaps produce different colors of light. The precise wavelength (color) can be tuned by altering the composition of the light-emitting, or active, region.

LEDs are comprised of compound semiconductor materials, which are made up of elements from group III and group V of the periodic table (these are known as III-V materials). Examples of III-V materials commonly used to make LEDs are gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium phosphide (GaP).

Until the mid-90s LEDs had a limited range of colors, and in particular commercial blue and white LEDs did not exist. The development of LEDs based on the gallium nitride (GaN) material system completed the palette of colors and opened up many new applications.

Main LED materials

The main semiconductor materials used to manufacture LEDs are:

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN): blue, green and ultraviolet high-brightness LEDs

Aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP): yellow, orange and red high-brightness LEDs

Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs): red and infrared LEDs

Gallium phosphide (GaP): yellow and green LEDs.

LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.

 

LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it. Where an LED emits light, the liquid crystals in an LCD produces an image using a backlight.

 

As LCDs have replaced older display technologies, LCDs have begun being replaced by new display technologies such as OLEDs.

OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panels, compared to LCDs which use two. Because an OLED does not need a backlight like an LCD, OLED devices such as televisions are typically much thinner, and have much deeper blacks, as each pixel in an OLED display is individually lit. If the display is mostly black in an LCD screen, but only a small portion needs to be lit, the whole back panel is still lit, leading to light leakage on the front of the display. An OLED screen avoids this, along with having better contrast and viewing angles and less power consumption. With a plastic panel, an OLED display can be bent and folded over itself and still operate. This can be seen in smartphones, such as the controversial Galaxy Fold; or in the iPhone X, which will bend the bottom of the display over itself so the display’s ribbon cable can reach in towards the phone, eliminating the need for a bottom bezel.

However, OLED displays tend to be more expensive and can suffer from burn-in, as plasma-based displays do.

Differentiate Large Venue Projectors and Home Cinema Projector | Basics of ICT (5403)

Basics of ICT (5403)

Question no 2.   Differentiate the following: –

(d) Large Venue Projectors and Home Cinema Projector

Large Venue Projectors

Large venue projectors are very different to those used in offices or meeting rooms. First of all they are considerably larger and significantly brighter (they start at 6000 ansi lumens) than office projectors. They also have features dedicated to producing images on a large scale such as on board edge-blending and stacking capabilities.

Large venue professional projectors also feature horizontal and vertical lens shift as well as a fleet of optional lenses available which allow you to create your desired image regardless of the environment.

Check out our most popular large venue projectors to see the models our customers are buying based on price vs specification. Laser large venue projectors offer you the added benefit of 24/7 use with no costly lamp replacements. Need to project large scale images with finite detail and clarity? Check out our 4K large venue projector page.

Home Cinema Projectors

Demand the best. Engineered for discerning viewers, Optoma’s premium home cinema projectors set a new standard for image quality and color accuracy with flexible options for installation and connection with home theater systems.

Product Filter

Brightness

2,000 LED Lumens; 1500 ANSI Lumens(1)

2200 ANSI Lumens(1)

2400 ANSI Lumens(2)

Resolution

4K UHD 3840×2160(6)

Aspect ratio

16:9 Native, 4:3 and LBX Compatible(3)

16:9 Native, 4:3 Compatible(3)

What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computer in daily life | Basics of ICT (5403)

 Basics of ICT (5403)

(b) What is a computer? Explain the advantages of computer in daily life.

Computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs. Computers can also store data for later uses in appropriate storage devices, and retrieve whenever it is necessary.

Modern computers are electronic devices used for a variety of purposes ranging from browsing the web, writing documents, editing videos, creating applications, playing video games, etc. They are designed to execute applications and provide a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components

The use of computers on a regular basis in our life is very important. Technically in daily life computer is used to convert raw facts and data into meaningful information and knowledge.

Computer science is explored and challenged by humans daily. The computer is like an electronic magical device for our life.

According to Google Keyword Planner 100 – 1K people searching monthly on Google about ” best laptop for business and personal use” and 100-1K for the best desktop computer for small businesses in the last 1 year. This is one of the proofs that the use of the computer in our life and business is really effective. That’s why more and more people are buying and using a computer.

Importance of computer in our daily life

 

You can understand and analyze the importance of computers by seeing a revolution in offline and online business, online education, online communication, and internet banking. To store, access, manipulate, calculate, analyze data and information we use hardware devices and software applications.

All our daily life activities are based on such online services and products. The computer changed our life 2 decades ago and now it is a necessity to use a computer in daily life to live.

Advantages of computer

There are 20 + Advantage of computer with picture is following below.

·        Speed.                      

·        Accuracy.                         

·        Storage

·        Versatility.             

·        Automatic.             

·        Diligence

·        Reliable.             

·        Cost effective.                     

·        Multitasking of Computer

·        Keep Your Entertained.       

·        Save Your Time

·        Get Information.                                                         

·        Can Make Money

·        Data store Capability.                                                 

·        Connect on the internet to get all things

·        Product Employment.                                                  

·        Problem Solves by using Internet

·        Increase job opportunity.                          

·        Advantages of Computer in Education

·        Advantages of Computer in Business.             

·        Advantages of Computer in Office

·        Advantages of Computer in Our Daily Life

·        Advantages of Computers For Students

·        Advantages of Computer in Banking Sector

Define Information & Communication Technologies | Ten practical application of ICT in the fields of education. sports, media and entertainment

 

Basics of ICT (5403)

Question No 1.

(a) Define Information & Communication Technologies. Also down at least ten practical application of ICT in the fields of education. sports, media and entertainment.

Answer.

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a term that describes types of technology that are used specifically for communications.” It is like Information Technology, but ICT focuses more on technologies that deal with communication, like cell phones, the Internet and wireless networks, among other things. Because of the convergence of the two technologies in the sense that we increasingly use digital data to communicate, a new term has been coined: information and communication technology (ITC). Today we use computers to call, each other and telephones to process data and send emails

 

Practical applications of ICT

ICT in heavy industry:

ICT in heavy industry is not just in managing the business, but also the data created in the industry. The computer controlled systems, that monitor temperature and pressure and alert, reort or adjust input levels to produce a chemical compound is ICT.

ICT in automobiles

There is ICT in automobiles, all these new electronic features are computer controlled. That is ICT.

Monitor and control devices

Everything now is networked via the Internet, and you can monitor and control devices remotely using ICT e. g. a security system in your home

Science and research

Science and research uses ICT, to process large amount of data to support research findings. Applications are endless. ICT is an integral part of modern life.

Applications of ICT

The field of Information Communication Technology has taken off in the last decade. Developed countries have a higher use of ICT, but developing countries have made significant increases in use over the last five years. At the end of 2008, the world had more than 4 billion mobile phone users, and close to one-fourth of the world’s population had access to the Internet. Utilitarian Objectives One of the main aims of ICT is to help students to become competent and confident users who can use the basic knowledge and skills acquired to assist them in their daily lives. It is also supposed to prepare students for the world of tomorrow. It aims to help learners to have an open and flexible mind. This will help them to adjust to the inevitable future changes.

Social Aims of ICT It aims to equip learners with the appropriate social skills required to cooperate with fellow ICT learners for a more productive learning experience. It empowers students who are unable to use this technology outside the school premises by ensuring sufficient access to those students. Through this, it will also ensure equity among all learners, as they will all have the same opportunities to use the ICT facilities in school. Another social objective of ICT is to facilitate good communication between the students, thus promoting better social understanding. ICT aims to assist students to appreciate the beauty and diversity of culture. It also aims to help students become well-cultured citizens of the modern world.

Many people are using these programs to get degrees that they would not have been able to receive without ICT. It also aims to allow the public to easily access the necessary information over the Internet. Regulations Americans enjoys relative freedom in the use of ICT, but other governments are struggling to regulate its use. Information Technology Information technology refers to devices (hardware) and algorithms or programs (software) used to store, retrieve and process data. In simple terms, it refers to all computer applications and devices.

Communication Technology In the modern sense of the term, communication technology includes electronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups not physically present at the same location. It is about ways people can talk or write to each other and exchange messages, pictures or sounds. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a major impact on business operations.

Business operators and the ICT department are now able to become innovative and discover new ways to make Information and Communication technology work for them. Media outlets, such as CNN and Bloomberg, present and analyze statistical information daily.

Features Communications technology lowers expenses and improves liquidity for the overall market. Liquidity is synonymous with one’s ability to raise cash on demand. For example, stock traders place sell orders with information technology to quickly receive cash for their investments

psychological factors that affect the class environment

Educational Leadership and Management  (8605)

Q.5 Discuss the psychological factors that affect the class environment.

 

ANS

Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Definition: The Psychological Factors are the factors that talk about the psychology of an individual that drive his actions to seek satisfaction. Some of the important Psychological Factors are: Motivation: The level of motivation influences the buying behavior of the consumers.

Learning itself is the process of acquiring new knowledge, understanding, skills, attitude, behavior, and preferences. It is both an emotional and intellectual process.

A person starts learning immediately after birth, and their behavior changes throughout their life, through direct or indirect experiences.

The continuous process of learning is often affected by the environment in which it takes place. One’s individual situation and the environment contain several factors that affect the learning capacity of a person.

Learning in a healthy environment helps you acquire a deeper understanding and sound knowledge of the subject matter. So, it is essential to be aware of such environmental factors that hamper the learning process of an individual, and learn to avoid negative stimulants to increase one’s performance.

Learning has been made effortless and accessible through distance learning that became the new normal during the global pandemic.

Students can now take their school and university classes from home and access all the information available on their fingertips.

Students willing to learn about the environment and its effect on the learning process can find free essays about environment. There are numerous environment essay examples written by students on the internet, which can be an excellent source for better understanding the environmental stimulants.

Online learning has also facilitated professors to provide an adequate education for students in the most straightforward ways.

Along with the emergence of online learning, the pandemic has also drastically shifted the education system and learning process.

Although it has numerous benefits, it has caused a disbalance in the education system. Students with gadgets and broadband have access to study resources, and those without devices are struggling to get a proper education.

Some other home environmental factors that affect the learning process directly or indirectly are:

1) Family size

The children may be in a nuclear or joint family. In a nuclear family, the learner may find silence with a peaceful learning environment but may not get anyone to assist in their lessons.

However, it may be a bit noisy and messy in a joint family, but the children can find other individuals, who can help and support their studies and learn better. So, both family size has its pros and cons, affecting the learning process of children accordingly.

2) Family culture, traditions

All families have their own culture and follow their customs differently.

The culture implanted in the children during their growth shapes their perception and cognitive capacity.

Hence, the learning process is affected by family culture, traditions, religion, and other similar factors.

3) Socio-economic status

The socio-economic status of a family influences the children’s academic inclusiveness and performance during their learning.

The social class also affects the parents’ educational expectations towards their children and their educational participation. The higher the status, the higher are the chances of educational opportunities being presented to the students and vice versa.

4) Occupation/profession

The parents and other guardians in a family can teach many divergent things to a child since infancy. As such, the job of parents also affects their personality and thinking.

Parents learn many things related to their occupation and teach their children the same.

5) Parents

Parents are the caregiver of their offspring and play a crucial role in shaping the children’s personality, cognition, and behavior. They affect the learning process of children directly.

Children inherit parents’ traits and develop other attributes from their parents’ activities during their growth phase.

Parents are the first teachers for their babies. In such ways, the learning is affected by parents, behavior, character, cognition level, attitude, and personality.

6) Other factors

Apart from the factors above, some other factors can adversely affect children’s learning. Factors like the luminosity of light, the intensity of noise, and greenery around the home influence children’s focus while learning.

For example, students find it difficult to read and focus on a dim light and high bright light, so the light needs to be at optimum luminosity.

The surroundings can highly influence young brains, and everything present in the learning environment has the potential to positively or negatively affect the learner’s competence, confidence, and understanding.

Misalignment between the resources and needs of learners cannot facilitate the process. Instead, it demotivates the person. The surrounding environment and family should support the learner, as it is essential for a more in-depth focus and insight into the particular subject matter.

Being aware of the home environment factors that affect learning, parents, and guardians should provide a conducive learning environment to the learner for best learning practice.

• Motivation: The level of motivation influences the buying behavior of the consumers. It is very well explained by Maslow through his need hierarchy theory comprising of basic needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Usually, the basic needs and the security needs are more pressing needs than the other and hence, these needs become a motive that directs the consumer behavior to seek satisfaction.
• Perception: The consumer perception towards a particular product and the brand also influences his buying decision. The perception is the process through which the individual selects, organize and interpret the information to draw a meaningful conclusion. Such as, Apple iPhone is perceived as a premium brand and consumers are motivated to buy it to get associated with the elite class of the society.

The marketers lay emphasis on managing the perceptual processes, Viz. Selective Attention, Selective Distortion, and Selective Retention. In selective attention, the marketer tries to gain the attention of the customer towards his offerings. Different people have different perceptions about the same product depending on their individual beliefs and attitudes which give rise to selective distortion. Thus, the marketer should try to understand the attitudes and beliefs of individuals and design the marketing campaigns to retain the consumers.

• Learning:The individual’s learning depends on the skills, knowledge and intention. The skills are developed through practice while the knowledge and intention are acquired with the experience. There could be a conditional learning or a cognitive learning.

In the conditional learning, the consumer derives learning from being conditioned to particular stimuli, i.e. when he is exposed to the similar situation, again and again, he develops a particular response towards it. While in the cognitive learning the individual applies all his knowledge, skill, attitudes, values and beliefs to find the solution of a problem and derive satisfaction out of it.

• Attitudes and Beliefs: The individuals have certain beliefs and attitudes towards products on which their purchase decisions rests. These attitudes and beliefs are the tendency to respond to a given product in a particular way, and these make up the brand image that influences the consumer buying behavior. Thus, the marketers try to understand the attitudes and beliefs of the individuals and modify these through several marketing campaigns.

Thus, these are some of the psychological factors that the marketer must take into the consideration before undertaking the strategic marketing decision.