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Wednesday, June 28, 2023

Evaluative Process in the Evaluation System | Historical Background of Textbook |

 

QUESTION  

Write a note on the evaluative process and historical background of textbooks

CourseSecondary Education

Course code 8624

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment 

ANSWER 

 Evaluative Process in the Evaluation System

The examination and assessment system in Pakistan The concept of examination is an assessment of ability, achievement, or present performance in a subject. Instruments of assessment can log in to easy or mixed forms of assessment and may be used for qualifying for entrance to professions and higher education (Page and Thomas (1978:17) Since the time of Pakistan’s independence, seven different education policies have been implemented in the country. The main thrust of all these policies was to promote quality education and the improvement of pedagogy. Yet, improvement in these areas has not been achieved and is quite unsatisfactory (Rizvi, 2000). In Pakistan, assessments do not judge the real competence or genuine educational accomplishment of the students. Instead, the Pakistani educational system encourages those who can best reproduce what they have learned during lessons and fails those who are unable to do that. It seems as if the whole system of education revolves around examinations. Such types of assessment and evaluation are narrow in scope (Khan, 2006).

  

Historical Background

When Pakistan came into being, using multi-textbooks was a very common practice in the country. However, this practice was stopped after the establishment of Textbook Boards in the government sector. The quality and effectiveness of textbooks require healthy competition in their development. In the mid-80s keeping in view the positive effects of using multiple textbooks around the Globe, the use of multi-textbooks in Pakistan was also allowed (Govt. of Pakistan 1992 & 1998) in all schools both government and private. Under this policy decision the Ministry of Education, Curriculum Wing (MoECW) Government of Pakistan has been approving various textbook series for classes 1 to 5 developed by private publishers along with the Textbook Boards during 2001-2004.

 

Textbook development and their approval in Pakistan

A centralized curriculum is being followed in Pakistan. The MoECW, in consultation with the provinces, develops a curriculum for each grade and subject up to grade 12. This curriculum is called the National Curriculum and is followed throughout the country. Whosoever wants to create textbooks for government and private schools affiliated with public examination bodies of Pakistan has to follow the National Curriculum. As mentioned earlier, the responsibility for textbook development in Pakistan remained with the Textbook boards until the recent past. These days’ private publishers are also developing textbooks inspired by the provision given under the recent National Educational policies. The Textbook Boards and the private publishers develop textbooks following the guidelines in the intact National Curriculum. Some of the guidelines are specifically for publishers. For example MoECW guides:

 

“For creating interest among the students, the textual materials should be presented through attractive and proper diagrams/ maps/illustrations. The font size and setting of the textual materials should properly be checked. It should be concerning the age level of the students. The arrangement of pages, exercises, and model test items at the end of each chapter should be correct.” (Govt. of Pakistan, 2002, p-16)

 

Both the Textbook Boards and the private publishers have to follow the guidelines given in the National Curriculum but they have their own procedure for textbook development. They develop textbooks and present these books to MoECW for their review and approval. The MoECW constitutes a National Curriculum Review Committee (NCRC) for this purpose. Each time on a presentation of a series of textbooks (or a book) a new NCRC is constituted. The textbook development and approval procedures are given in the following figures 1 & 2 for Textbook Boards and private publishers respectively

 


Related Topics


Evaluation Process and Historical Background of Textbook

Aspects of Curriculum Development

Textbook and Criteria for Selection of Books 

Differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools 

Functions, Role and Core Value of FGEI

Specific Objectives of Secondary, Elementary and Special Education

Need and Scope of In-Service Teacher Education, In-Service Training of Computer Education to Teachers 

Define evaluation. Differentiate between internal and external examination

Monday, June 26, 2023

Aspects of Curriculum Development | Principles of Curriculum Construction | Course code 8624 |

 

QUESTION  

Discuss the aspects, principles, and mechanisms of curriculum development in Pakistan

CourseSecondary Education

Course code 8624

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment 

ANSWER  

International Aspects of Curriculum Development 

In a narrow view of Curriculum, there is content and examination. A wider view of the curriculum includes aims, learning methods, and subject matter sequencing.

There is a sophisticated blend of:

           Educational Strategies

           Course content

           Learning outcomes

           Educational experiences

           Assessment

           Educational environment besides

           The individual students’ learning style

           Personal timetable and the program of work

 

In the time of information explosion, the curriculum planners must not only decide what should be taught but also what can be eliminated from the curriculum, hence the need is to define minimum essential knowledge and skills i.e. core knowledge and skills. 

 Aspects of Curriculum Development in Pakistan

The major issue in Pakistan in 1947 was the re-establishment of suitable education specimens. The federal government has brought a lot of changes in planning, policies, suggestions, and the reconstruction process of education. Some of these changes were accepted and some others were rejected. Ministry of Education has been supervising the curriculum and the textbooks. This special wing of the Ministry of Education is called the Curriculum Wing. Some bureaus and centers follow the instructions of the curriculum wing by the succeeding forms.

 

Bureau of Curriculum and Textbook, more The present curriculum wing of the Ministry of Education is the advanced form of the National Bureau of Curriculum and Textbook. The purpose of this department is to evaluate and coordinate the work of education in different provinces. It also works for an equal standard of curriculum in schools, colleges, and universities of all provinces.

The first function of the curriculum wing is to help the government in the construction and implementation of National Policies regarding the planning of curriculum development, education of teachers, and its evaluation. The next function of this wing is to give a hand in the activities of the provincial bureau’s center. It also arranges research on various types of curricula. This wing is also helpful for guiding textbook boards and authors in writing textbooks. This wing also keeps links with national educational institutions as well as international NGOs such as UNESCO, IBE, UNICEF, and ILO.

 

Principles of Curriculum Construction 

The main principles of curriculum construction may be mentioned as under: 

Principle of Child-Centeredness:

As modern education is child-centered the curriculum should also be child-centered. It should be based on the child's needs, interests, abilities, aptitude, age level, and circumstances. The child should be a central figure in any scheme of curriculum construction. In fact, the curriculum is meant to bring about the development of the child in the desired direction so that he can adjust well in life. 

Principle of Community-Centeredness:

 Though the child's development and growth are the main considerations of curriculum construction, his social behavior is also to be suitably developed, both the individual development and the social development of the child deserve equal attention. He is to live in and for the society.  Therefore, his needs and desires must be in conformity with the needs and desires of the society in which he is to live. The values, attitudes, and skills that are prevailing in the community must be reflected in the curriculum. However, the society is not static. It is dynamic. Its needs and requirements are changing with the rapid developments taking place in all fields. While working on development, this factor cannot be ignored. 

Principle of Activity-Centeredness:

The curriculum should center around the multifarious activities of pupils. It should provide well-selected activities according to the general interests and developmental stages of children. It should provide constructive, creative, and project activities. For small children, play activities should also be provided.  Purposeful activities both in the classroom and outside the classroom should be provided. It is through a network of activities that the desired experiences can be provided and consequently, desirable behavioral changes can be brought about in children. 

Principle of Variety:

The curriculum should be broad-based to accommodate the needs of varied categories of pupils so that they can take up subjects and participate in activities according to their capacities and interests.  The needs of pupils also change from place to place. For example, the pupils in rural areas, urban areas, and hilly areas will have different needs. The needs of boys and girls are also different. So these considerations should be reflected in the curriculum.

Principle of Co-ordination and Integration:

The pupils are to be provided with selected experiences through various subjects and activities but these must be well integrated. Various subjects and activities should serve the same ultimate purpose, the achievement of the aims of education. The activities and subjects should not be put in after-tight compartments but these should be interrelated and well-integrated to develop the whole child. 

Principles of Conservation:

One of the main functions of education is to preserve and transmit our cultural heritage. This is essential for human progress. Culture consists of traditions, customs, attitudes, skills, conduct, values, and knowledge. However, the curriculum framers must make a suitable selection of the elements of culture, keeping n view their educational value and the developmental stage of pupils. 

Principle of Creativity:

The conservation of culture helps to sustain society. The culture should not be simply transmitted but also enriched. There should be a provision in the curriculum to develop the creative powers of the child so that he becomes a contributory member of society. Raymont says, "In a curriculum that is suited to the needs of today and of the future, there must be definitely creative subjects." 

Principle of Forward Looking:

Education is to enable the child to lead a successful social life. The curriculum should not cater to the present needs of the child alone. The needs of his future life should also be considered. The curriculum should also include knowledge, skills, experiences, influences, etc. which will develop the child's abilities and power to make effective adjustments in later life. 

Principle of Flexibility:

 In our age, rapid developments are taking place in various fields. Consequently, the needs of society are hanging. The content of the curriculum cannot be the same for all times to come. It should not be static. It must be dynamic and change with the changing times. It should reflect the latest trends in the field of education and psychology. 

Principle of Balance:

the curriculum must maintain a balance between subjects and activities, between direct and indirect experiences, between academic and vocational education, between compulsory and optional subjects, between formal and informal education, between individual and social aims of education, etc. 

Principle of Utility:

The curriculum should be useful rather than ornamental. It should not only include subjects which owe their place in it to tradition. The curriculum must have practical utility for students. So there should be some provision for technical and vocational education in the curriculum.  The various principles of curriculum construction should be kept in mind. Various regional and national conditions should also be considered. In fact, all considerations which will help in achieving the aims of education should be given due consideration.

 

The Mechanism for Curriculum Development in Pakistan

The curriculum wing of the Ministry of Education exceeds a proposal to the provincial curriculum centers. These centers are bound to revise the curriculum by criteria given by the curriculum wing. The subject committee including subject specialists is formed for the sake of consideration and revision of the curriculum. The newly prepared draft is sent to the curriculum wing for approval. The curriculum of all subjects from all provincial centers is presented to a national review committee. After approving it, this committee put up their draft to the Education Secretary for notification. The approved curriculum is provided to textbook boards for the publication of textbooks.

 


Related Topics


Evaluation Process and Historical Background of Textbook

Aspects of Curriculum Development

Textbook and Criteria for Selection of Books 

Differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools 

Functions, Role and Core Value of FGEI

Specific Objectives of Secondary, Elementary and Special Education

Need and Scope of In-Service Teacher Education, In-Service Training of Computer Education to Teachers 

Define evaluation. Differentiate between internal and external examination


 

Saturday, June 24, 2023

Textbook and Criteria for Selection of Books | Secondary Education | Course code 8624 | B.Ed Solved Assignment |

 

QUESTION  

Write down detailed notes on the textbook and criteria for the selection of Books 

CourseSecondary Education

Course code 8624

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment 

ANSWER 

Textbooks 

According to the Collins English Dictionary (1998), a “textbook” is a book used as a standard source of information on a particular subject. While answering the question, “What is a textbook? Hamilton (1990) in “Paradigm - a Journal of the Textbook Colloquium” argues that a textbook may be any book or a book substitute, including hard-covered or paperback books, workbooks designed to be written in and used up, certain newspapers, news magazines and manuals which a student is required to use as a text or a text-substitute in a particular class or program as a primary source of study material intended to implement a major part of the curriculum. What constitutes a school textbook is a debatable point of discussion in the literature. Questions have been raised such as whether the material in school and local library are textbooks or reference books. Similarly, it can also be asked whether the novels that had been studied in different classes are textbooks or not. Warren (1981) answered such questions by providing the definition, “A textbook is printed instructional material in bound form, the contents of which are properly organized. (p.43). From the above discussion, we conclude that the textbook is the reflection of the decision taken by the curriculum developers.

 

Textbooks in educational institutions have been the authority on the subject matter and essential tools for the subjects, as well as guidance in the methods and procedures to be followed by the teacher and the student. The textbook is the most commonly used instructional material because it is the cheapest and the best source of graded instruction and practical exercises, a convenient source of material for discussion and study, and a helper for unskilled teachers in class management, enabling them not to bother about duplicated exercises and dictated directions.

  

Criteria for the Selection of Books 

a)                Significance to an organized field of knowledge 

The content in the subject matter should belong to the broad areas of knowledge to provide a broader basis of understanding of the world. Since the school curriculum should also deal with specialization as well as broad areas of knowledge, there should be general areas of knowledge and a core curriculum with specialized knowledge (Mamidi and Ravishankar, 1986). 

Therefore, the curriculum should consist of several carefully selected principles, ideas, and concepts, which constitute the basic core of a subject matter. 

b)                Does the subject matter stand the test of survival? 

The status of knowledge also needs to be considered while selecting the content. The information that is tested and tried and which can be applied to the present-day situation only should be selected. According to Hilda Taba (1962), the knowledge should be valid and significant to the extent that it reflects contemporary scientific knowledge. The information should also stand the test of survival. Such useful information should be identified and included in the curriculum. 

c)                 Utility of the subject content 

The content of the curriculum has often become the target of severe criticism by one and all in society. It is mostly criticized for the heavy load of information that has no relevance to the pupils, for deadwood of information that has no utility, which is full of facts, dry and arid, the learning of which encourages rote memorization or cramming, without leaving any scope for intelligent reasoning. 

d)                Interest and ability 

One should also consider factors like interest, aptitudes, and abilities of pupils while selecting the content. Unless the content is interesting to the pupils, there will not be any learning at all. Interest depends upon the aptitudes and grasping capacity of the pupils. It is again a matter of age and intelligence of the pupils. The theories of learning and intelligence in educational psychology throw much light on the factors that develop interest among pupils. The selection of content suitable to the understanding capacity of the pupils will result in efficient learning. 

e)                Growth and development of a democratic society 

 This concept also includes social development and assumes that social change, which is taking place very rapidly, should be controlled and directed towards desirable directions. A careful selection of content that can build knowledge and abilities is required to deal intelligently with the problems associated with social change. This includes controlling the development of fissiparous tendencies among the pupils and other antisocial behavior that creates chaos and confusion in society, and the development of social values among pupils. 

Review the Approval Textbooks review parameters 

The national review committee comprises five or six members:

       At least one expert from the syllabus Formulation Committee.        

        Two school teachers 

Textbooks review parameters 

           The books truly reflect the curriculum.

           It meets the objectives stated in the curriculum.

The book does not contain any material against Islamic and Pakistani ideology.

           In case of approval, the textbook is sent for publishing and distribution.

           In case of objection, complaints are relayed with revision recommendations. 

Summary 

           Curriculum and Syllabus are the terms of education, imparted to the students by teachers. It means the knowledge, skills, or qualifications that are passed on from one generation to another. A subject syllabus is a unit of the curriculum. The two terms differ in the sense that curriculum is a combination of some factors that help in the planning of an educational program, whereas a syllabus covers the portion of what topics should be taught in a particular subject.

           The process of curriculum construction is a cooperative effort. In this national agencies, regional and local level agencies, principals and teachers as well as community members are involved.

           Curriculum evaluation may also be external or commissioned review processes. These may be undertaken regularly by special committees or task forces on the curriculum, or they may be research-based studies on the state and effectiveness of various aspects of the curriculum and its implementation. These processes might examine, for example, the effectiveness of curriculum content, existing pedagogies and instructional approaches, teacher training, and textbooks and instructional materials.

           There are several obstacles affecting the quality and effectiveness of the curriculum development process in Pakistan.

                   Lack of subject area experts.

                  Textbooks often do not reflect the curriculum

                 Lack of follow-up of actual curriculum implementation

                The curriculum often different from the official curriculum documentation

 

 

Related Topics


Evaluation Process and Historical Background of Textbook

Aspects of Curriculum Development

Textbook and Criteria for Selection of Books 

Differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools 

Functions, Role and Core Value of FGEI

Specific Objectives of Secondary, Elementary and Special Education

Need and Scope of In-Service Teacher Education, In-Service Training of Computer Education to Teachers 

Define evaluation. Differentiate between internal and external examination


Friday, June 23, 2023

Arid Agriculture University Admissions are open in Graduate and Post Graduate Programs | Fall 2023


Differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools | Describe their Academic Programs and Curriculum | Secondary Education | Course code 8624 | B.Ed Solved Assignment |

  

QUESTION  

Highlight the differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools. And describe their academic programs and curriculum  

CourseSecondary Education

Course code 8624

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment 

ANSWER

Beacon House School System

Beacon House School System (BSS) in Pakistan is the Pakistan-based branch of an international company with the same name. It is a group of private feepaying academic institutions located throughout 30 cities in Pakistan. BSS provides preschool education, primary education, secondary education, and preparation for the International General Certificate of Education (GCE) and local Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examinations.

 

The Beacon House School System has its origin in the establishment of Les Anges Montessori Academy, which was founded in 1975. As soon as the Government of Pakistan permitted the establishment of private schools, the first Beacon House Public School was set up in Lahore so that the students of Les Anges would be able to continue and complete their schooling in the same type of educational environment.

 

Les Anges Montessori Academy, the factor nursery for Beacon House Public School, Lahore was established in Lahore in November 1975; Beacon House Public School, Lahore, followed in April 1978. Beacon House, Karachi was established in January 1979, Beacon House, Islamabad, in April 1982, Beacon House, Rawalpindi and Beacon House, Clifton, Karachi in 1985, and Beacon House, Peshawar in 1986. Since then, schools have been opened in Hyderabad, Quetta, Multan, Faisalabad, Satellite Town (Rawalpindi), Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Abbottabad, Wah Cantt, Sargodha, Jehlum, Sadiqabad, Rahimyar khan and Bahawalpur, and further branches have been opened in Lahore, and Karachi bringing the total number of branches in the country to 83 in 1998. The student strength of the System as a whole is nearing 35,000 and teacher to student ratio of about 1 to 15, a figure that compares favorably with international standards.

 

The Beacon House group has around 274,000 full-time students in eight countries and is possibly the largest school network of its kind in the world. Established in November 1975 as the Les Anges Montessori Academy with 19 toddlers, Beacon House has since grown into an international network of private schools, imparting distinctive and meaningful learning to students all the way from birth through its partnership in Pakistan with Gymboree Play & Music to post-graduation, through the Beacon House Nation.

 

Of these students, close to 105,000 study at the flagship network, the Beacon House School System, in Pakistan as well as overseas, while the remaining are largely enrolled at The Educators, a parallel school network operated by the group with over 168,000 students.

 

The Beacon House of today is thus much more than just a stand-alone school. Through distinct and independent divisions across multiple destinations including the UK, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Oman, the UAE, Pakistan, and Belgium, it caters to the education and training needs of a large and diverse group of individuals of varying ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and nationalities, with its activities also extending beyond education in some countries.

 

Beacon House has always laid tremendous emphasis on the development of human capital. From its initial association in the 1980s with The Moray House Institute of Education in Scotland to its more recent teaching training links with the University of Bradford and MARJON, Beacon House has institutionalized in-service teacher training like no other school.

 

So, with rigorous standards that demand up-to-date teaching skills and a range of challenging programs, the Beacon House School System brings success within the reach of every student.

 

Beacon House: Organization and Resources

A school that is part of a System has many advantages over a school that operates on its own:

           The system provides a wide variety of staff development programs.

           New ideas and improved methods spread readily from one school to another.

           The Head of the school is relieved of much routine administration and is able to concentrate more of his/her energies on the academic and educational aspects of the school.

           And, of course, many parents welcome the case of inter-city transfer of their children from one Beacon house School to another.

 

Beacon House Academic Conference:

The Beaconhouse Academic Conference meets at intervals to consider academic matters affecting the Beacon House School System as a whole. It is attended by all Directors, principals Heads, and senior Teachers of schools in the Beacon House School System. Over the last ten years, it has grown in size from a small group who could all sit around one table, to a major conference with an attendance of almost two hundred.

 

 

The Educators


Established in November 1975 as the Les Anges Montessori Academy for toddlers, Beaconhouse has since grown into a global network of private schools, institutes, and universities, imparting distinctive and meaningful education to students from pre-school to post-graduation. The Educators, a project of Beaconhouse, has completed eleven years of service to educational development across the country with remarkable success. Established in 2002, it now has 800+ campuses & the market leader in Pakistan's educational landscape with a presence in over 225+ cities and a student strength exceeding 175,000+. This makes The Educator's outreach the largest compared to any other private school in the world.

 

The City School

 

Background:

Until the late 1970’s the provision of English-medium education was very limited with only a few such elite of Pakistan’s society. With the denationalization of private schools in 1978, parental demand of English-medium education has been responsible for rapid growth in this sector of education.

 

Beginning:


Established in Karachi in 1978. The implementation and maintenance of rigorous standards in both the academic and administrative spheres gave TCS a reputation for quality education that enabled it to complete with long-established schools. The City School is today one of the largest private school networks in Pakistan with branches in all the major cities across the country. It currently has 185 schools in 52 cities with over 126,000 students in 458 owned and franchised schools. The City School continues to expand its reach to meet the demands for quality education. The knowledge and skills-based curriculum derived from the UK national curriculum guides students from Nursery to Cambridge International Examinations (for the 16 and 18-year age group), qualifying them for the IGCSE, and O and A Level examinations. The uniform implementation of the curriculum gives parents, students, and teachers the advantage of a smooth and efficient transfer from one school to another within the system. 

History

The City School was founded in Karachi in 1978. As it evolved and grew, its name came to be synonymous with qualities of vision, action, and change which have made it a unique force in the field of education in Pakistan today. 

As parents became increasingly discerning in their search for ever higher standards of academic excellence for their children, more and more branches of The City School opened their doors. Progressively senior educational levels were accommodated with the major emphasis continuing to be placed on the latest teaching techniques and on a curriculum comparable with the best in the world.

 

During the 1980s, The City School continued to grow nationwide, every new branch subscribing to the common commitment to provide equal learning opportunities for students and to maintain standards of professional excellence in the recruitment and training of teaching staff. This latter objective led, even in the formative years of the School, to the In-service Faculty Training.

 

During this decade, matriculation classes as well as Oxford/Cambridge ‘O’ and ‘A’ Levels were introduced with The City School becoming a registered examination center for these British examinations.

 In 1993, this state of affairs persuaded the management of The City School to initiate its Higher Education Program (H.E.P_ in Karachi, in response to the desperate need for such a college. The Northern Consortium of British Universities and The City School agreed on a number of degree courses as well as on a one-year Foundation Course, through which second-year intermediate students could obtain an ‘A’ Level equivalent.

 The establishment of the H.E.P. represents a quantum leap for The City School, which now caters to students all the way from Pre-Nursery through the first year of a British degree.

 

Today, The City School has multiple Schools and a continuous expansion program. The prestigious campus of the City School-PAF-Chapter, currently being purpose-built, is the newest acquisition and unquestionably a model of its kind.

 

Curriculum & Academic Philosophy


Graduates from The City School secure positions in top universities worldwide. The students, according to Cambridge International Examinations' annual results analysis, are amongst the highest achievers in their city, their country, and, in some cases, in the world. The curriculum encourages a student-centered approach where learners have an active role in their learning process and develop the skills and ability to make a significant contribution to society. Its particular strength lies in the integration of digital media and ICTs in an array of learning programs. The City School provides more than 120 courses each year across age ranges and revises them in accordance with the cumulative experience of its teachers and pupils. The selection of teachers is based on their experience as curriculum developers and syllabus writers. In addition, City School regularly appoints curriculum consultants from the UK to lead teams of City School teachers in revising their curriculum and syllabi. The City School curriculum and methodology are designed specifically to ensure a smooth transition in teaching and learning from the primary sector through the middle years and on to the final two years of the public examinations’ syllabi. Digital media and ICTs in The City School Network are shaping the methodology of delivering online education and adding efficiency, convenience, interactivity, and outreach to the array of learning programs. The City School has taken the initiative of implementing a state-of-the-art Classroom/ Learning Management System capable of providing its students with academic resources anytime, anywhere, and under any circumstances. The City School promotes and encourages co-curricular activities on all of its campuses. Students are encouraged to learn new skills, take responsibility, assume leadership, work under a leader, organize events, conduct programs, and experience real-life situations.

 

Its primary school is based on a curriculum derived from the UK's National Curriculum, while its secondary school education is divided between the local Pakistani curriculum and the Cambridge-regulated international GCE programs.[4] Founded in Karachi in 1978, the school's head office is based in Lahore with regional offices in Karachi and Islamabad.[5] In collaboration with various other national institutions, it also runs the City APIIT.



Related Topics


Evaluation Process and Historical Background of Textbook

Aspects of Curriculum Development

Textbook and Criteria for Selection of Books 

Differences among the Educators, Beacon House, and City schools 

Functions, Role and Core Value of FGEI

Specific Objectives of Secondary, Elementary and Special Education

Need and Scope of In-Service Teacher Education, In-Service Training of Computer Education to Teachers 

Define evaluation. Differentiate between internal and external examination

 

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