Q No 5: Define educational planing Write a note on different approaches to Educational planning?
Topic: Educational Planning and Different Approaches to Educational Planning |
Anwser:
What Is Educational Planning?
Find out how a school district develops curriculum. Get information about how policies are implemented within an educational system. Often, these processes start through research by educational planning professionals. Schools offering Education Curriculum& Instruction degrees can also be found in these popular choices.
Educational Planning Defined
Educational planning strives to research, develop, implement and advance policies, programs and reforms within educational institutions. Educational planners might work at the local, national or international level to advance or improve education. While educational planning might center on pre-school and K-12 education, you could also work in postsecondary education as well. As an educational planner, you could work within educational institutions, government agencies, and private or not-for-profit organizations.
Educational planners typically hold graduate degrees. You might also consider becoming a licensed teacher or earning additional degrees in education. Administrators within schools or districts are commonly involved in educational planning.
Important Facts About Educational Planning
Professional Certification Certified Education Planner
Required Education Bachelor's degree
Median Salary (2014) $61,550 (for instructional coordinators)
Key Skills Interpersonal communication; analytical; decision-making
Career Overview
As an educational planner, you might look at a number of issues, trends or policies that are affecting education. These factors may include cost, equality of access, new technologies, curriculum or learning and teaching methods. Some educational planners might work to help develop schools in a third-world country. You might also find yourself working with state or national agencies to shape educational standards. In addition to conducting research on educational policies, you might train and help implement a program.
Career Outlook
Career statistics aren't available specifically for educational planners; however, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported projected growth for related professions. The BLS indicated a growth rate of 13% for instructional coordinators during 2012-2022, while elementary, middle and high school principals could see 6% growth (www.bls.gov). The BLS indicated that this average employment growth is due in part to a need to fill positions due to retirement.
Graduate Degree Programs
Educational policy and planning, educational administration and policy, or similar programs are the more common graduate degree programs available to prepare you for a career as an educational planner. Often, programs are multi-disciplinary in nature, blending coursework in education, sociology, political science and economics. Typically, curricula are based heavily in designing and conducting research. In addition to local, state and national education policy and planning, graduate programs might also include topics in international education.
1 Social Demand Approach:
This approach was used in the Robbins Committee Report on Higher Education in Britain. In India too, this approach is a popular one while opening new schools and colleges in particular
(a) To estimate the proportion of students completing school education and are likely to enter into higher education.
(b) To estimate how many of these successful school leaving students would actually apply for admission to colleges.
(c) To determine how many of the applicants should be given admission to higher education.
(d) To determine the length and duration of the study.
Thus, the major issue involved in this approach is to forecast future demands for seats keeping in mind social and educational trends as well as demographic changes. The underlying assumption in this approach is that expansion of education is beneficial to the economy and thus, additional expenditure on education would not create a burden too heavy to bear.This approach is more prevalent in those societies which favour traditional cultural values, where decisions are taken on the basis of public opinions (in a fragile polity and sometimes in a democracy) and in societies where the social environment is generally pessimistic in nature.
2. Social Justice Approach:
This approach emphasizes justice to the disadvantaged sections of society and is based on Article 45 of the Indian Constitution. This approach is aimed at making special provisions for the socially, economically and educationally disadvantaged communities for a longer duration. This includes opening Ashram schools for tribal areas, special concessions and scholarships, incentives and relaxation.
3. Rate of Returns Approach:
According to this approach, investment in education should take place in such a way that the returns from the investment are equal to the returns from other kinds of investment of capital, e.g., investment in industry. This principle is known as „equi -marginal returns‟ in economic theory and could be extended to educational sector.
This approach treats education as an investment in human capital and uses rate of returns as a criterion in allocation of financial resources. The approach implies that if the rate of return is low, expenditure on education should be curtailed.
However, in reality, it is difficult to apply this approach to education due to problems associated with measuring rate of returns in education.An educated person‟s earnings or rate of returns depend upon his/her innate intelligence, parental socio-economic status, motivation and aspirations. Hence, it is not easy to attribute the rate of returns only to education acquired. Hence, this approach is least frequently applied to education.
4. Manpower Planning Approach:
In this method, the general demand for and the capacity of supply of human resources in different streams of and at different levels of the educational sector are estimated.The approach asserts that the system of education produces the right quality of human resources with desirable knowledge,attitudes and skills in the right numbers and thus, education is directly linked with economic development.
The application of the manpower planning approach depends on these factors:
(a) An appraisal and analysis of the existing employment conditions and the system of
education,
(b) Planning the system of education vis-a-vis the manpower needs of the economy,
(c) Using the financial resources (which are limited) in an optimum way so as to fulfill the demands of the employment sector without incurring wastage on account of unemployment.
(d) Making an appraisal of the number of students enrolled, the number of existing teachers and their qualifications, enrolment in teacher education institutions (availability of future teachers), as well as the existing number of school buildings, equipments, infrastructure and other facilities.
(e) The requirements of the employers regarding occupational and/ or professional qualifications for employees, their levels of training and abilities should also be assessed.
The manpower planning approach takes note of the fact that the teaching profession requires approximately 60% of the highly qualified human resources of a country which competes with the demand for manpower in other economic sectors.A detailed projection of the demand for human resources is difficult due to the uncertainty of productivity trends. Some developed countries such as Norway, France and Sweden estimate their future manpower needs so as to meet the demands of the
economy whereas others such as Great Britain estimate the numbers to be educated on
the basis of students‟ demands.
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