Describe the Concept of Key Performance Indicators |

Q. 5 Describe the concept of Key Performance indicators (KPIs). Enlist some KPIs for teachers working in Primary Schools

Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions (8615) 

Level: B.Ed (1.5 Year)

Semester: Spring, 2019

Assignment No.1

Answer:

Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development. Performance appraisal is generally done in systematic ways which are as follows: 

1. The supervisors measure the pay of employees and compare it with targets and plans.

2. The supervisor analyses the factors behind work performances of employees.

3. The employers are in position to guide the employees for a better performance.

Objectives of Performance Appraisal

Performance Appraisal can be done with following objectives in mind:

1. To maintain records in order to determine compensation packages, wage structure, salaries raises, etc.

2. To identify the strengths and weaknesses of employees to place right men on right job.

3. To maintain and assess the potential present in a person for further growth and development.

4. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status.

5. To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related status.

6. It serves as a basis for influencing working habits of the employees.

7. To review and retain the promotional and other training programmes.

Advantages of Performance Appraisal

It is said that performance appraisal is an investment for the company which can be justified by following advantages:

1.  Promotion:  Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to chalk out the promotion programmes for efficient employees. In this regards, inefficient workers can be dismissed or demoted in case.

2.  Compensation:  Performance Appraisal helps in chalking out compensation packages for employees. Merit rating is possible through performance appraisal. Performance Appraisal tries to give worth to a performance. Compensation packages which include bonus, high salary rates, extra benefits, allowances and pre-requisites are dependent on performance appraisal. The criteria should be merit rather than seniority.

3.  Employees Development:  The systematic procedure of performance appraisal helps the supervisors to frame training policies and programmes. It helps to analyses strengths and weaknesses of employees so that new jobs can be designed for efficient employees. It also helps in framing future development programmes.

4.  Selection Validation:  Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to understand the validity and importance of the selection procedure. The supervisors come to  know the validity and thereby the strengths and weaknesses of selection procedure. Future changes in selection methods can be made in this regard.

5.  Communication:  For an organization, effective communication between employees and employers is very important. Through performance appraisal, communication can be sought for in the following ways:

a. Through performance appraisal, the employers can understand and accept skills of subordinates.

b.The subordinates can also understand and create a trust and confidence in superiors.

c. It also helps in maintaining cordial and congenial labor management relationship.

d. It develops the spirit of work and boosts the morale of employees.

All the above factors ensure effective communication.

6.  Motivation: Performance appraisal serves as a motivation  tool. Through evaluating performance of employees, a person’s efficiency can be determined if the targets are achieved. This very well motivates a person for better job and helps him to improve his performance in the future.

Past Oriented Methods

1.  Rating Scales: Rating scales consists of several numerical scales representing job related performance criterions such as dependability, initiative, output, attendance, attitude etc. Each scales ranges from excellent to poor. The total numerical scores are computed and final conclusions are derived. Advantages – Adaptability, easy to use, low cost, every type of job can be evaluated, large number of employees covered, no formal training required. Disadvantages – Rater’s biases

2.  Checklist:  Under this method, checklist of statements of traits of employee in the form of Yes or No based questions is prepared. Here the rater only does there porting or checking and HR department does the actual evaluation. Advantages – economy, ease of administration, limited training required, standardization.

 Disadvantages – Raters biases, use of improper weighs by HR, does not allow rater to give relative ratings

3.  Forced Choice Method:  The series of statements arranged in the blocks of   two or more are given and the rater indicates which statement is true or false. The rater is forced to make a choice. HR department does actual assessment. Advantages – Absence of personal biases because of forced choice. Disadvantages – Statements may be wrongly framed.

4.  Forced Distribution Method:  here employees are clustered around a high point on a rating scale. Rater is compelled to distribute the employees on all points on the scale. It is assumed that the performance is conformed to normal distribution. Advantages – Eliminates Disadvantages – Assumption of normal distribution, unrealistic, errors of central tendency.

5.  Critical Incidents Method:  The approach is focused on certain critical behaviors of employee that makes all the difference in the performance. Supervisors as and when they occur record such incidents.

 Advantages – Evaluations are based on actual job behaviors, ratings are supported by descriptions, feedback is easy, reduces regency biases, chances of subordinate improvement   are high. Disadvantages – Negative incidents can be prioritized, forgetting incidents, overly close supervision; feedback may be too much and may appear to be punishment.

6.  Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales: statements of effective and ineffective behaviors determine the points. They are said to be behaviorally anchored.  The rater is supposed to say, which behavior describes the employee performance. Advantages – helps overcome rating errors. Disadvantages – Suffers from distortions inherent in most rating techniques.

7.  Field Review Method:  This is an appraisal done by someone outside employees’ own department usually from corporate or HR department. Advantages – Useful for managerial level promotions, when comparable information is needed, Disadvantages – Outsider is  generally  not familiar with employees work environment, Observation of actual behaviors not possible.

8.  Performance Tests & Observations:  This is based on the test of knowledge or skills. The tests may be written or an actual presentation of skills. Tests must be reliable and validated to be useful. Advantage – Tests may be apt to measure potential more than actual performance. Disadvantages – Tests may suffer if costs of test development or administration are high.

9.  Confidential Records:  Mostly used by government departments, however its  application  in industry is not ruled out. Here the report is given in the form of Annual Confidentiality Report (ACR) and may record ratings with respect to following items; attendance, self  expression, team work, leadership, initiative,  technical ability, reasoning ability, originality and resourcefulness  etc. The system is highly secretive and confidential. Feedback to the assesses is given only in case of an adverse entry. Disadvantage is that it is highly subjective and ratings can be manipulated because the evaluations are linked to HR actions like promotions etc.

10.  Essay Method:  In this method the rater writes down the employee description in detail within a number of broad categories like, overall impression of performance, promote ability of employee, existing capabilities and qualifications of performing jobs, strengths and weaknesses and training needs of the employee.

 Advantage – It is extremely useful in filing information gaps about the employees that often occur in a better-structured checklist.

Disadvantages – It its highly dependent upon the writing skills of rater and most of them are not good writers. They may get confused success depends on the memory power of raters.

11.  Cost Accounting Method:  Here performance is evaluated from the monetary returns yields to his or her organization. Cost to keep employee, and benefit the organization derives is ascertained. Hence it is  more  dependent upon cost and benefit analysis.

12.  Comparative Evaluation Method (Ranking & Paired Comparisons): These are collection of different methods that compare performance with that of other c-workers. The usual techniques used may be ranking methods and paired comparison method.

•  Ranking Methods: Superior ranks his worker based on merit, from best to worst. However how best  and why best are not elaborated in this method. It is easy to administer and explanation.

•  Paired Comparison Methods: In this method each employee is rated with another  employee in the form of pairs. The number of comparisons may be calculated with the help of a formula as under.

N x (N-1) / 2

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