Roles and Responsibilities of Schools, Parents, and Local bodies in Community Development

 

Explicate the roles and responsibilities of schools, parents, and local bodies in community development

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Community development is the process of enhancing the economic, social, and environmental well-being of a community. It involves a collective effort by various stakeholders, including schools, parents, and local bodies. Each stakeholder has a unique role to play in promoting community development. In this essay, we will explicate the roles and responsibilities of schools, parents, and local bodies in community development.

Schools play a critical role in community development. They are responsible for providing education and training to children, which is the foundation for the development of a community. Schools must strive to provide quality education, ensure student safety, and encourage community involvement in school activities. One of the primary roles of schools in community development is to provide students with the necessary skills and knowledge to become productive members of society. This includes teaching basic literacy and numeracy skills, as well as critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills.

In addition to academic skills, schools can also play a role in promoting environmental awareness, health and wellness, and social responsibility among students. Schools can promote environmental awareness by teaching students about sustainability and encouraging them to participate in recycling and other eco-friendly initiatives. They can also promote health and wellness by providing healthy food options, physical education programs, and mental health resources. Schools can encourage social responsibility by promoting community service and civic engagement among students.

Parents also have a crucial role in the development of their children and, by extension, the community. They must ensure that their children receive a good education, develop healthy habits and values, and engage in community activities. One of the primary responsibilities of parents is to provide a stable and supportive home environment that fosters their child's development. This includes providing basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing, as well as emotional support, guidance, and discipline.

Parents can also contribute to community development by volunteering their time and resources, participating in local initiatives, and supporting community organizations. Volunteering is an excellent way for parents to model civic engagement and social responsibility for their children. Parents can volunteer at schools, community centers, and other local organizations, helping to build social capital and foster community connections. They can also support community organizations by donating money or other resources, attending events, and promoting their activities through social media and other channels.

Local bodies, such as municipalities, city councils, and community organizations, have a vital role in community development. They are responsible for developing and implementing policies that promote sustainable growth, protect the environment, and provide essential services to residents. One of the primary roles of local bodies in community development is to promote economic development by attracting businesses, creating jobs, and providing infrastructure such as roads, public transportation, and utilities.

Local bodies can also work to build social capital by promoting community engagement, facilitating public participation in decision-making processes, and encouraging collaboration among community members. They can do this by holding community events, promoting cultural and recreational activities, and creating opportunities for residents to get involved in local government. Local bodies can also promote environmental sustainability by creating green spaces, promoting renewable energy, and implementing policies that reduce carbon emissions and waste.

In conclusion, community development requires the collective effort of schools, parents, and local bodies. Each stakeholder has a unique role to play in promoting education, health and wellness, social responsibility, and sustainable growth, thereby contributing to the overall development of the community. Schools must provide quality education and promote environmental awareness, health and wellness, and social responsibility among students. Parents must provide a supportive home environment and contribute to community development through volunteering and support for community organizations. Local bodies must promote economic development, social capital, and environmental sustainability by developing and implementing policies that benefit the community. By working together, these stakeholders can create a healthy and sustainable community that benefits all residents.

RelatedTopics 

Roles and Responsibilities of Schools, Parents, and Local Bodies in Community Development

Technological Change and its Impact on Pakistani Society 

Relationship between Technological Change and Society

 Effects of School on Community

Means of Social Control in Society 

Role of School and Mass Media as Agents of Socialization

Role of Religious Groups and Their Influence on Social Behavior

Suggest ways in which our education system may help in the promotion of our culture

Technological Change and its Impact on Pakistani Society |

 

Analyze the response of Pakistani society to technological change and society.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER

Technological Change and its Impact on Pakistani Society

Schools are undergoing a major transformation as they transition to a digital learning environment. With greater opportunities to access information, collaborate with peers and teachers, and create new types of content, students are more engaged and have a stronger voice in their own education. Teachers can use actionable information to personalize learning based on individual student's learning needs and styles. In Pakistan technology is greatly affecting our schools and community.

1.  Communication

Communication had been developing even in the earlier days through the use of telephone and the use radio and telegraph to exchange messages to distant places. Today, in Pakistan the population has telephones as a means of necessity. Cellular phones are also now very effective and efficient not just as an accessory but as a guide to the everyday living of people. Many applications could be installed into this small gadget that could give many uses. An example of these applications is having a dictionary on the phone which is very helpful as a guide, and also the conversion of many measurements.

2.  Lifestyle

People are greatly affected by the progress of technology and even everyone’s lifestyle also changes. People live differently from how they are used to in the past years. When technology is very reachable and human beings are very much willing to adapt to this kind of technology, change is not a very impossible path. Technology has greatly improved the way people are living. It develops the standard of living.

Every action of men corresponds to a specific machine that could help men in one way or another. Examples of these are computers which people are doing almost all electronic work. For leisure time, as also discussed in our Future Technology subject, entertainment concerning the gaming console is now in high definition that it is almost like life like that you can easily be addicted to it. The music industry is also at a greater pace in development. More and more developed machines are now more capable of handling a greater amount of data in terms of music files. Gadgets are also handling many features like having a screen for viewing the music video.

Technology also affects people in many different ways. An example of this is how people work. Before, many businesses did most of their transactions using only paper to list the day-to-day operations as well as the billings. Systems are now being developed and highly utilized by businesses to make their processes more effective than the traditional ways of doing it.

Doing business is also possible even if not having a physical presence. Anyone can transact processes online as long as he or she has a credit card or digital money. The web offers many things that one could possibly imagine, from business to advertising and also to communication and gaming. Businesses consist of buying things online and selling products. Advertising also is in line with businesses.

Anyone can also book flights through the use of the Internet. Learning had been also on the verge of fully developing the use of technology by having its e-learning strategy. More and more students are now having forums and discussions using the internet. Classes are having their learning on the web. It is not necessary to be physically present in the classroom to ensure said you are doing great in school. This is also another way in which we can say that technology has greatly affected the way society behaves nowadays. Because of the changes that are brought about by technology, people are conforming to it to be able to stay in the way with how technology is moving.

3.  Cause of Skill Shortage is Complex

Skill shortages could be traced back to the faulty educational system, the myopic policy of labor export, and persistent technical change. Educational flaws stemmed from the poor curriculum, inadequate teacher training, and low public and private investment in education. The task of dealing with skill shortage is less urgent compared to the depression of labor surplus.  Of course, with fast-changing technologies, demand for new skills would render some existing skills obsolete.

4.  Industrialization

Technology has contributed to the growth of industries or to the process of industrialization. Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society hitherto mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social. It describes in general terms the growth of a society in which a major role is played by the manufacturing industry.  The industry is characterized by heavy, fixed capital investment in plants and buildings by the application of science to industrial techniques and by mainly large-scale standardized production.

Industrialization is associated with the factory system of production. The family has lost its economic importance. The factories have brought down the prices of commodities, improved their quality, and maximized their output. The whole process of production is mechanized. Consequently, traditional skills have declined and a good number of artisans have lost their work. Huge factories could provide employment opportunities to thousands of people. Hence men have become workers in a very large number. The process of industrialization has affected the nature, character, and growth of the economy. It has contributed to the growth of cities or to the process of urbanization.

5.  Urbanization

In Pakistan,  the growth of industries has contributed to the growth of cities. Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centers on the rural surrounding areas. Urbanization can be described as a process of becoming urban moving to cities changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities and the corresponding change in behavior patterns. Hence, only when a large proportion of inhabitants in an area come to cities urbanization is said to occur. Urbanization has become a world phenomenon today. Unprecedented growth has taken place not only in the number of great cities but also in their size. As a result of industrialization people have started moving toward the industrial areas in search of employment. Due to this the industrial areas developed into towns and cities.

6.  Modernization

Modernization is a process that indicates the adoption of modern ways of life and values. It refers to an attempt on the part of the people, particularly those who are custom-bound to adapt themselves to the present time, conditions, needs, styles, and ways in general. It indicates a change in people's food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices, preferences, ideas, values, recreational activities, and so on. People in the process of getting themselves modernized give more importance to science and technology. Scientific and technological inventions have modernized societies in various countries. They have brought about remarkable changes in the whole system of social relationships and installed new ideologies in the place of traditional ones.

7.  Development of the means of transport and communication

The development of transport and communication has led to national and international trade on a large scale. Road transport, the train service, ships, and airplanes have eased the movement of men and material goods. Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless, and the like have developed a great deal. Space research and the launching of satellites for communication purposes have further added to these developments. They have helped people belonging to different corners of Pakistan or the world to have regular contact.

8.  Transformation in the economy and the evolution of the new social classes

The introduction of the factory system of production has turned the agricultural economy into an industrial economy. The industrial or capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two predominant classes; the capitalist class and the working class. These two classes are always in conflict due to mutually opposite interests. Over time, an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved.

9.  Unemployment

The problem of unemployment is a concomitant feature of rapid technological advancement. Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men but they also take away the jobs of men through labor-saving devices. This results in technological unemployment.

10.  Technology and war

The dangerous effect of technology is evident in the modern mode of warfare. The weaponry has brought fear and anxiety to mankind. They can easily destroy the entire human race and reveal how technology could be misused. Thus greater the technological advancement the more risk for mankind.

11.  Changes in social institutions

Technology has profoundly altered our modes of life. Technology has not spared the social institutions of its effects. The institutions of family, religion, morality, marriage, state, and property have been altered. Modern technology in taking away industry from the household has radically changed the family organization. Many functions of the family have been taken away by other agencies. People are becoming more secular, rational, and scientific but less religious in their outlook.

Inventions and discoveries in science have shaken the foundations of religion. The function of the state or the field of state activity has been widened. Modern technology has made the states perform such functions as the weaker section and the minorities making provisions for education, health care, etc. Transportation and communication inventions are leading to a shift of functions from local government to the central government of the whole state. Modern inventions have also strengthened nationalism. The modern governments that rule through the bureaucracy have further impersonalized human relations.

12.  Environment

Technology provides an understanding and an appreciation for the world around us. Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by-products in addition to the desired products, which is known as industrial waste and pollution. While most material waste is reused in the industrial process, many forms are released into the environment, with negative environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of sustainability. Different social and political systems establish different balances between the value they place on additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and pollution. Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind, but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects. Historically, the value of a clean environment and more efficient production processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of society, because once people can provide for their basic needs, they can focus on less tangible goods such as clean air and water.

The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources, and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural habitat destruction, and coastal wetland loss. Each wave of technology creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans: toxic waste, radioactive waste, electronic waste

Technological Change and Society | Relationship between Technological Change and Society

 

Describe the relationship between technological change and society.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER

Technological Change and Society

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, or methods of organization to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection and utilization of such tools, machinery, and procedures.

It can strengthen as well as alleviate the impacts of human activities. The role of technology has recently moved to the forefront of both science and policy in addressing climate change. The long period involved in climate change from decades to centuries puts technological change “in the driver’s seat”, because, over long periods, technological systems are highly malleable, whereas, in the short run, they are largely inflexible.

Technology and society refer to cyclical co-dependence, co-influence, and co-production of technology, and society upon the other (technology upon culture, and vice-versa). This synergistic relationship occurred from the dawn of humankind, with the invention of simple tools, and continues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers.

Technology has become a trend in almost all aspects of the future nowadays. All had been conforming to how technology behaves. From the creation of new machines to the uses of micro devices that are now gaining recognition.

 As far as technology is concerned, almost all newly created and established things are in line with how technology affects them. Traditional ways of doing things are now beginning and slowly diminishing as new improved ways are starting to emerge. Even from the start of studying technology, there are some downsides to its benefits. Technology is always viewed as a two-way thing, giving benefits to the people and on the other side creates undesirable effects on society as well as the environment. Society today can be differentiated automatically from the way it looks and feels way back many years ago.

 There are many aspects and fields in which technology has affected the way people live, from everyday living to political, social, economic, educational, and ethical issues human beings. People have changed greatly as technology has also been improved to help and address the needs of people in their application, whether to make work easier or to take pleasure and bliss out of the product from technology. If all would be enumerated to discuss all the effects of technology on how society now changes would have a long list of items. People are now discovering things that are to address their needs. Even communication is now very effective and distance is not an issue anymore. Even at greater distances, many people can be in touch with each other. Technology changes society by changing our environment to which we, in turn, adapt. This change is usually in the material environment, and the adjustment we make to the changes often modifies customs and social institutions.

Effects of School on Community | Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

 

Analyze the effect of school on the community in a progressive society.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER

 Effects of School on Community

The school must play an active part in relating itself to society. There are many educative forces in society, e.g. places of historical interest, temples, churches, mosques,s, and remnants of human civilization. These forces may act as educators to young people. To create a relationship between school and society, the school can organize educational excursions. Again, the relationship between the two can be consolidated if schools can assemble different agencies of education and organize cultural programs where students, teachers, parents, and other members of society will take part.

Socialization and acculturation among all, particularly different sections of society, will enrich learners’ society.

1.  Keep Pace with Social Needs

Society is an ever-changing entity that needs today. It may have no relevance in the society of tomorrow. All the changes that occur in social life are associated with changes in human needs. A school has to keep pace with the changing society and to do that the curriculum should be reviewed regularly keeping in mind the change in social demand and needs.

2.  Selection of Rules for Society

School directs society, reforms society, and ensures the progress of society by analyzing the principles and rules and selecting only those that have some good effects on society. If the school fails to do it, society will become a stagnant organization.

3.  Moral and Intellectual Development of Students

Schools are established in many societies of the world to instill in the pupils those skills that will afford them the opportunity of taking their rightful positions in society, but this function cannot be adequately accomplished without the assistance of the home because both home and the school perform complementary functions in the moral and intellectual development of the child. This means that the child cannot be educated in a vacuum or in isolation.

4.  Development of Personality

For a child to be educated there must be an interaction between him and his physical and social environment. By this, we mean that education is the development of personality. It is something that goes on both inside and outside the home and in the school. In other words, education is an activity of the whole community.

5.  Transmission of the Cultural Values

Education is used to transmit cultural values to the next generation. One important implication of looking at education as the transmitter of cultural values is the fact that education can be influenced by the culture of the society in which it takes place. For this reason, one may infer that for a child to be educated, he must be influenced by his environment and, in turn, be capable of influencing it. It is only through the concept of the continuous interaction of the individual and his society that the development of personality can be properly understood. We have noted above that education is a means through which the cultural values of a particular society are transmitted from one generation to another. Through this process, society can achieve basic social conformity and ensure that its traditional values, beliefs, attitudes, and aspirations are maintained and preserved.

Means of Social Control in Society | Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

 

Describe the means of social control in society.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER

Definition

Social Control refers to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior, leading to conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or social group. It is how members of a society attempt to induce each other to comply with societal norms. Social controls influence behavior constantly because they are internalized and come into play every time a person has a deviant impulse.

Social control is the general method of regulating the behavior of individuals in society through accepted social norms. It is a way to channel the behavior of individuals in a society so that they conform to the accepted code of conduct. Social control is defined as “how the entire social order coheres and maintains itself, operates as a whole, as changing equilibrium”.

This Social control refers to the way society controls our behavior, either through norms and practices or through the state and its compelling force. The regulation of behavior in society, whether of individuals or of groups is undertaken in two ways:

a)  By adhering to established norms and values of society; and

b)  By the use of force.

The term “social control” is generally used by sociologists to refer to this first kind of regulation. Individuals differ in their interests and capacities. If each individual is allowed unrestricted freedom to act and behave, it may lead to anarchy and disorder in society. The resultant conflicts, frequent and persistent, would be a constant drain on society’s energy and efficiency.

As an analogy, we could consider traffic movement on roads in the absence of any traffic rules and traffic signals, etc. It is easy to imagine the chaos that would rule the roads and the unending traffic jams that would follow. If we add to it the frustration of the drivers and their heated tempers, it is easy to understand that the end result is totally undesirable. The fact that traffic rules help to maintain order and efficient movement of vehicles is only due to the presence of control.

Purpose of Social Control

Sociologists attribute many purposes to social control. The aim of social control is to bring about conformity in a particular group or society. At times, out of sheer ignorance, individuals could act in a manner that may or may not benefit them. But certainly, society’s interests lie at the collective level. There are other situations when the individual is perfectly aware of the ill effects of his actions on society but he continues with his behavior because it increases his welfare. For instance, in an industry where the owner is fully aware of the harmful effects of pollution but does not install pollution control devices because he wants to maximize his profits at the cost of safeguarding the collective interests. Society seeks to regulate individual behavior.

The purpose of social control is to regulate the interests of both the individual and the group in a way that is beneficial to both. The situation in society would be no different if there was no accepted mode of behavior. Individuals, therefore, have to be made to co-exist in a manner those benefits

them, as well as the groups they comprise of social control, becomes a necessity for the following reasons:

a)  To maintain the old order: For continuity and uniformity of a social group, the old social order must be maintained. This function is fulfilled by the family. The old members of the family initiate and socialize the young ones into their traditions, value patterns, and accepted forms of behavior.

b)  To regulate individual behavior:  Individuals vary in their ideas, interests, attitudes, habits, etc. Even children of the same parents think and behave differently. Thus their behavior needs to be regulated by the established norms which would lead to uniformity and solidarity in the group.

c)  To check cultural maladjustment:  Society is changing at a rapid pace. The changes threaten to uproot the existing social system and replace it with a new system. There is a need for greater social control to distinguish between good and bad and to retain one’s sense of balance and judgment.

Forms of Social Control

In primary groups, the relationships are close, direct, and intimate. Social Control is often maintained by informal mechanisms, i.e. customs, traditions, folkways, mores, and religions. These are adopted means by informal groups.

Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control:

1.  Internalization of norms and values, and

2.  External sanctions, which can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishment)

Social control theory began to be studied as a separate field in the early 20th century. The means to enforce social control can be either formal or informal. Sociologist Edward A. Ross argued that belief systems exert greater control on human behavior than laws imposed by the government, no matter what form the beliefs take.

Role of School in Socialization | Mass Media as Agents of Socialization

 

Analyze the role of school and mass media as agents of socialization.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Role of School

School is an important part of society. It is known as a social organization because it is the school that provides exposure to students and it prepares the students to occupy social roles according to their capacities after receiving the school. School is considered as a second home for students because it is a school wherein students spend most of the time of their day and this is utilized in the form of learning. Every student learns about social life, social norms, social beliefs, etc and he will be produced as a social being. So in the process of socialization school plays a very significant role. Its functions are as under.

The first and foremost function of the school is to transmit knowledge and skills to the younger generation. So in the process of socialization, the younger generation can utilize the knowledge and skills. They become aware of social rights, rules, regulations,s, and social beliefs so that they live according to their own ideas and knowledge. They develop thinking skills so recreation lies in their behavior.

School keeps the moral power of society, secure and also maintains the social heritage of the society. This social heritage is handed to the following generation by the school. So it brings awareness in an individual about the moral power of society and social heritage. School protects the historical continuity of society. It performs the function of acquainting the new generation with ancient myths and legends and maintaining the patterns of behavior in the form of traditions and customs. So students become aware of ancient myths and legends and behavior thereby they behave in a particular social way. The school is like a family, a social; an institution that socializes the individual and provides him some experience in social control therefore, the individual will learn to accept the kind of social control that is imposed on him in school and will also demand similar social control from society for this reason, there is a great insistence in democratic countries that the atmosphere in the school should be democratic and we find the democratic climate in school around us which acquaints students with democratic norms of social control which is very important in the process of socialization. Thus students learn how to live with democratic norms and how to behave with each other which helps in the process of socialization.

The school fosters all-around development in the personality of students, physical, mental, emotional, and social. The school involves all students in different co-curricular activities so that students develop physically, mentally, and socially, for example, curricular activities like Puzzles, games, group discussion, and sports related to the curriculum. Which develops students' physical, social, and mental thinking skills, and co–curricular or extra activities including debate, elocution,  competition, drawing, etc develop individual differences and particular skills in students. They also develop social leadership qualities other political leadership traits etc which indirectly help every individual to be a social being which means every individual is socialized by such activities.

The school provides a social environment for children by organizing student unions, social service camps social functions, parent-teacher associations,s, etc. So all the socially desirable values namely sympathy, cooperation, tolerance, social awakening, and discipline in school develop social dealing in all children. The school works under the light of social ideals and develops the child about such ideals and aims.

The school encourages children to come in active contact with the libraries and youth welfare countries organized by the community or Govt. The miniature school life is brought into active and lively contact with the wider world outside which means school provides a conducive climate. The headmasters and teachers allow freedom to the students which makes them more responsible. They impart knowledge of social customs and traditions and develop values of society among students.

The importance of the school as an agency of socialization can be divided into three subtopics: the school and society, the classroom, and the teacher. When children begin school it is usually the first time that they come under the supervision of people who are not their relatives. The school is likely the first agency that encourages children to develop loyalties and sentiments that go beyond the family and link them to a wider social order. The school as an agency of socialization should be recognized as the first organizer of social relationships (Elkin & Handel, 1978). The classroom is often seen as a place where the child is easily faced with socializing amongst peers. Since most of the things that children do in the classroom are done in the presence of their peers, they have to learn how to deal with a more formalized group situation? Parental expectations and perceptions of their children’s development of both cognitive and motor skills serve to affect the transition to the school environment (Coates & Wagenaar, 1999).

Humor in the classroom touches on socialization, one of the major functions of schools:

to acculturate knowledgeable, understanding, compassionate, and empathetic new members to our society (Freda & Pollack, 1997). The teacher also plays an important role in the social development of the child. If one of the tasks of adolescence is to achieve a balance between conformity and rebellion, then the role of the teacher is an important one in assisting children as they attempt that process. When teachers confront a negative student with humor, they often find that this use of humor is an effective way to diffuse the student’s anger and hostility. If a teacher and student can laugh together, they can most likely work together and also plan together.

 

Mass Media as Agents of Socialization

Theorists, like Parsons, and textbook authors, like Ely Chinoy (1960), and Harry M. Johnson (1961), recognized that socialization didn't stop when childhood ended. They realized that socialization continued on into adulthood, but they treated it as a form of specialized education.

Johnson (1961), for example, wrote about the importance of inculcating members of the US Coastguard with a set of values to respond to commands and act in unison without question. Some scholars accused theorists of socialization of not recognizing the importance of the mass media which, by the middle of the twentieth century, was becoming more significant as a social force. There was concern about the link between television and the education and socialization of children, a concern that continues today, but when it came to adults, the mass media were regarded merely as sources of information and entertainment, rather than molders of personality.

Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognized the power of mass communication as a socialization device. Dennis Quail recognizes the argument: … the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behavior as represented by the media. An alternative view is that it is a learning process whereby we all learn how to behave in certain situations, and with the expectations which go with a given role or status in society. Thus, the media are continually offering pictures of life and models of behavior in advance of actual experience. (McQuail 2005: 494)

However, the most important agent of socialization for the development of the child is the mass media. Mass Media are the different processes that facilitate communication between the sender of a message and the receiver of that message. It plays an important role in the socialization of children. In fact, there are many types of media; these include newspapers, magazines, radio, films, CDs, the Internet, and television. These kinds of media, especially television, affect children's and adults' behavior in different ways.

Having the mass media as one of our major agents of socialization could be very hard on our society today. When watching different TV shows seeing all those actors and actresses with these great figures hurt many people in society today. In other ways watching TV could be a good thing when an actor or actress is on TV in different shows or music it could bring many good things like being a role model for an adolescent teenager who wants someone to look up to. Having these agents is a great guideline for people who want to start with a great start with their children or want to be a good communicator.

The average family in the United States has at least one television turned on for at least seven hours a day. Television is the biggest mass media in a country and has positive and negative aspects. Some programs are very helpful with lots of information for the children. For example; on channel thirty-three, there is a good program called "Dora, the Explorer". Children can learn to speak Spanish and also do things such as singing, standing up, and pronouncing words in English. On the same channel, there is also a program called "Blue's Clues". In this program, children learn how to think, sing, and discover clues. When children watch these programs, they are not the same people anymore because they can become more knowledgeable. These programs are very good because they change children's minds and make the children different from what they were before.

However, there are also television programs that affect children negatively which have too much violence, and unfortunately, children love it. Children should not see these kinds of programs because children tend to imitate the fighters. In addition, some movies have a lot of violence and unwanted words, and children love these kinds of movies. Children like and learn how to use knives, guns, and explosives because they watch them on TV. Sometimes children take the role of their superheroes in real life because they see their favorite actors using these weapons. For example; when children watch an actor stealing a car on TV, they learn from it and they also want to steal because they want to be like their superheroes.

 

Elucidate the role of religious groups and their influence on social behavior.

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Religious groups have played a significant role in shaping social behavior throughout history. They have influenced cultural norms, moral values, and ethical standards, providing guidance to individuals and communities alike. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which religious groups impact social behavior.

 

One of the primary ways in which religious groups influence social behavior is through their teachings and doctrines. Most religions have a set of beliefs that prescribe certain behaviors and discourage others. For example, many religions promote the values of compassion, forgiveness, and kindness, which encourage individuals to act in a way that benefits others. On the other hand, some religions prohibit certain behaviors, such as gambling, drug use, and premarital sex, which discourage individuals from engaging in activities that may harm themselves or others. By promoting certain values and prohibiting certain behaviors, religious groups can shape social behavior in a significant way.

 

Religious groups also provide a sense of community and belonging, which can impact social behavior. People who identify with a particular religion often feel a sense of kinship with others who share their beliefs. This shared identity can lead to increased social cohesion and cooperation, as individuals are more likely to help others within their religious community. Additionally, religious groups often engage in charitable work and social outreach programs, providing assistance to those in need. This can also impact social behavior by encouraging individuals to be more charitable and compassionate towards others.

 

Another way in which religious groups influence social behavior is through the promotion of social norms. Most religions have a set of moral and ethical standards that dictate how individuals should behave toward one another. These standards may include the importance of honesty, fairness, and respect for others. By promoting these social norms, religious groups can influence social behavior positively, promoting cooperation and social harmony.

 

Religious groups can also have a significant impact on political and social issues. Many religious groups advocate for certain political causes, such as human rights, social justice, and environmentalism. By promoting these causes, religious groups can influence public policy and shape social behavior in a significant way. Additionally, religious groups often have a significant influence on social and cultural practices, such as marriage, family structure, and gender roles. By advocating for certain social practices, religious groups can impact social behavior and cultural norms.

 

However, it is important to note that the influence of religious groups on social behavior is not always positive. Some religious groups promote extreme or harmful beliefs, such as the promotion of violence or discrimination against certain groups of people. Additionally, religious groups may hurt social behavior by promoting exclusivity or intolerance towards those who do not share their beliefs. It is important to recognize that while religious groups can have a significant impact on social behavior, this impact is not always positive.

 

In conclusion, religious groups have played a significant role in shaping social behavior throughout history. They have influenced cultural norms, moral values, and ethical standards, providing guidance to individuals and communities alike. Through their teachings, sense of community, promotion of social norms, and advocacy for political and social issues, religious groups can have a significant impact on social behavior. However, it is important to recognize that the influence of religious groups on social behavior is not always positive and that extreme or harmful beliefs promoted by some religious groups can have negative consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

 

Suggest ways in which our education system may help in the promotion of our culture  

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER  

The promotion of culture is an essential aspect of education. Our education system plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting our cultural heritage. It helps students understand and appreciate the customs, traditions, and practices that are unique to our country. Here are some ways in which our education system can help in promoting our culture. 

Include cultural education in the curriculum

The education system can promote our culture by including cultural education in the curriculum. This can be achieved by introducing subjects such as history, literature, art, music, and dance that highlight the cultural heritage of our country. Students can learn about the rich traditions and customs that are unique to our country. By learning about our culture, students can gain a better understanding and appreciation of it. Additionally, cultural education can also help in preserving our cultural heritage by passing it on to future generations. 

Organize cultural events

Schools and colleges can organize cultural events and festivals to promote the traditional practices and beliefs of our culture. Such events can help students learn about different cultural practices, customs, and traditions that are unique to our country. By organizing such events, students can get an opportunity to participate in and experience different cultural practices. It can also foster a sense of unity and belonging among students from different backgrounds. 

Preserve cultural artifacts

Our education system can also play a crucial role in preserving the cultural artifacts of our country. This can be achieved by setting up museums and cultural centers that showcase the rich cultural heritage of our country. These museums and cultural centers can display artifacts such as ancient sculptures, manuscripts, paintings, and artifacts that showcase our cultural heritage. By preserving these artifacts, our education system can ensure that our cultural heritage is not lost to time.

Encourage research and documentation

The education system can encourage research and documentation of our culture, which can help in preserving and promoting it. This can be achieved by organizing seminars, conferences, and workshops where scholars and researchers can present their findings on various aspects of our culture. By promoting research and documentation of our culture, our education system can help us gain a better understanding of our cultural heritage. It can also help in preserving and promoting our cultural identity. 

Promote language learning

Our language is an integral part of our culture, and promoting language learning can help in preserving our cultural identity. The education system can encourage the learning of regional languages and dialects, which can help in promoting our culture. By learning regional languages and dialects, students can understand the nuances of our culture better. It can also help in promoting unity among people from different regions.

 

Introduce cultural exchange programs

Cultural exchange programs can be a great way to promote our culture. Schools and colleges can organize cultural exchange programs where students from different parts of the country can interact with each other. It can help in promoting cultural diversity and unity. Students can learn about different cultural practices, customs, and traditions. It can also help in promoting a sense of mutual respect and understanding among students. 

Teach cultural values

The education system can promote our culture by teaching cultural values such as respect, empathy, and inclusiveness. By teaching these values, students can learn to appreciate different cultures and traditions. It can also help in promoting a sense of unity among people from different backgrounds.

 

In conclusion, our education system plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting our cultural heritage. By including cultural education in the curriculum, organizing cultural events, preserving cultural artifacts, encouraging research and documentation, promoting language learning, introducing cultural exchange programs, and teaching cultural values, our education system can help preserve and promote our cultural identity.

Concept of Socialization | Socialize role in the learning process | Citizenship Education and Community Engagement | Course code 8606 | B.Ed Solved Assignment

 

Discuss the concept of socialization and identify its role in the learning process

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society. It is the process by which people learn how to behave in a way that is socially acceptable within their cultural or social group. Socialization starts from childhood and continues throughout an individual's life, shaping their identity and behavior.

 

Socialization is a critical process in the learning process because it helps individuals acquire the skills, knowledge, and behaviors necessary to function in society. Socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. Primary socialization is the process of learning that occurs in the family and is the foundation for an individual's socialization. Secondary socialization is the process of learning that occurs outside the family, such as in schools, peer groups, and the media.

 

One of the key roles of socialization in the learning process is the acquisition of language. Language is a crucial component of socialization, as it enables individuals to communicate and interact with others. Children learn language from their parents and caregivers, and it is through language that they learn the norms and values of their culture. Language acquisition also allows individuals to understand and interpret the world around them and to develop their cognitive abilities.

 

Another important role of socialization in the learning process is the development of social skills. Social skills are the skills required to interact with others in a socially acceptable manner. These skills include communication, cooperation, and conflict resolution. Children learn social skills from their family and peers, and it is through socialization that they learn to navigate social situations.

 

Socialization also plays a critical role in shaping an individual's identity. Identity refers to an individual's sense of self, including their values, beliefs, and attitudes. Socialization teaches individuals about their gender, ethnicity, religion, and other aspects of their identity. These social categories are important because they provide individuals with a sense of belonging and help them understand their place in society. Socialization also teaches individuals how to express their identity in ways that are socially acceptable.

 

The media also plays an important role in socialization. The media includes television, movies, music, and other forms of popular culture. The media is a powerful tool for shaping an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. The media can reinforce social norms and values, or it can challenge them. For example, television shows can promote gender stereotypes or challenge them by featuring strong female characters.

 

Schools also play a critical role in socialization. Schools provide children with a structured environment for learning and interacting with others. Schools teach children the academic skills required for success in life, but they also teach social skills, such as teamwork, communication, and conflict resolution. Schools also provide opportunities for children to develop their interests and passions, which can shape their identity.

 

Peer groups are also important for socialization. Peer groups are groups of people who are similar in age and social status. Peer groups provide children with a sense of belonging and acceptance, and they can help children learn social skills and norms. Peer groups can also influence an individual's values and behaviors, both positively and negatively.

 

In conclusion, socialization is a critical process in the learning process. Socialization enables individuals to acquire the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors necessary to function in society. It is through socialization that individuals learn how to interact with others, develop a sense of self, and understand their place in society. Socialization also teaches individuals the social skills required for success in life and shapes their identity. Primary socialization occurs in the family, while secondary socialization occurs outside the family, in schools, peer groups, and the media

How can group dynamics be applied in your daily classroom teaching | Citizenship Education and Community Engagement | Course code 8606 | B.Ed Solved Assignment

 

How can group dynamics be applied in your daily classroom teaching?

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Group dynamics can be effectively applied in daily classroom teaching to promote a positive learning environment and enhance student engagement and collaboration. Here are some ways to incorporate group dynamics into your teaching: 

Group work:

 Assigning group work to students is an effective way to encourage teamwork, problem-solving skills, and communication. This can be done through group discussions, group presentations, or group projects. 

Class discussion:

Encourage students to participate in classroom discussions and express their opinions. This will help to develop their critical thinking and communication skills, and will also foster a sense of community within the classroom. 

Group feedback:

 Encourage students to provide feedback to each other on their work. This can be done through peer reviews, group critiques, or other forms of constructive feedback. 

Role-playing:

Role-playing exercises can help students to better understand and apply concepts learned in class. This can be done in small groups or as a whole class. 

Classroom rules:

Establish classroom rules and expectations that promote positive group dynamics. For example, encourage students to listen to each other, respect each other's opinions, and work together to solve problems. 

By incorporating group dynamics into your daily classroom teaching, you can create a positive and engaging learning environment that promotes collaboration, communication, and critical thinking skills among your students.

 

 

 

 

Individual and Group Behavior affect the school and classroom environment |

 

How do Individual and Group Behavior affect the school and classroom environment

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER

Individual Behavior and Group Behavior

People in groups behave differently than they do individually.  Group expectations influence individual behavior, and individual behavior affects the group. Teachers need to be aware of the characteristic traits of group behavior.

Characteristics of Group Behavior

1.  Groups create their own psychological forces that influence individual behavior teacher awareness of group dynamics is important to effective classroom control.

2.  Group behavior in the classroom is influenced by how students perceive the teacher. Students see teachers as filling many psychological roles.

3.  Dealing with classroom conflict requires diagnostic thinking by the teacher. This thinking involves:

•          forming a first idea;
•          gathering facts about the idea;
•          applying hidden factors to draw conclusions;
•          taking action; and
•      Being flexible.

4.  Teachers maintain group control through various influence techniques. These techniques include:

•         supporting self-control,
•      Offering  situational assistance,
•          appraising reality, and
•          Invoking pleasure and pain.

The important aspect of controlling behavior is to locate the reason behind a particular behavior. Students exhibiting certain behaviors must have some objective, focus on that objective, and try to satisfy the needs of the students or of the group.

A)  Supporting Self-Control techniques are used at the initial stage. They address the problem before it becomes serious. They include eye contact, moving closer, humor, encouragement, and ignoring.

B)  Situational Assistance techniques are necessary when students cannot regain control without assistance from the teacher. Techniques to provide assistance include:

·         helping students over a hurdle;

•      Restructuring the schedule;
•          establishing routines;
•          removing the student from a situation;
•          removing seductive objects; and
•          physical restraint.

C)  Appraising Reality techniques involve helping students understand underlying causes for misbehavior and foresee probable consequences. Teachers 'tell it like it is', offer encouragement, set limits, and clarify situations with post-situational follow-up.

D)  Rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior is an important characteristic, punishment should be used only as a last resort because it is too often less productive.

A group creates conditions such as its members will behave in certain ways because they belong to it; at the same time how the parts function affects the whole. In other words, group expectations strongly influence individual behavior, and individual behavior in turn affects the group.

Roles of Individuals within the Classroom

Several roles are available to individuals in groups. The following are some of the roles that can cause trouble in the classroom:

1.  Leader

A leadership role is available in almost every group. The role varies according to the group's purpose, makeup, and activities. Within the same group, different people may act as leaders in different activities. For example, a student who is a leader in one activity may be assigned different roles in the other activity, which creates a problem when a person is exhibiting different roles he/she may not restrain him/herself from the other role. Group leaders tend to share certain qualities. They are above average in most respects (intellect, social skills, responsibility, and socio-economic status). They generally have a highly developed understanding of others, and they embody group ideals. Teachers must be aware that the leaders they appoint are not necessarily the group's natural leaders. Such mismatches often lead to conflict within the group.

2.  Clowns

Clowns are individuals who take the position of entertainer of the group. Students sometimes take this role to mask feelings of inferiority, thinking it best to make fun of their own before others have a chance. Clowns sometimes help the group and sometimes hinder it. Clowning can be beneficial to both the teacher and the group, especially when students are anxious, frustrated, or in need of relief from tension. At times, however, group members may support the disruptive antics of the clown as a way of expressing hostility to the teacher.

3.  Fall, Guys

A fall guy is an individual who takes blame and punishment to gain favor with the group. Members of the group feel free to misbehave knowing that they can set up the fall guy to suffer the penalties. Teachers need to be aware of this kind of manipulation and be sure to focus their corrective actions on the instigator of misbehavior

4.  Instigators

Instigators are individuals who cause trouble but appear not to be involved. They often solve their inner conflicts by getting others to act them out. They may even feel that they are benefiting the victim in some way. Teachers need to look into recurring conflicts carefully to see if there is an unnoticed instigator. It may be necessary to point out this role to the group, as it is often undetected by them. The group may need help in recognizing and discouraging this role.

Teachers' Role to Optimize the Functioning of Group:

All of the roles described here are played by individuals in groups either because the role fills a strong personal need or because the group expects or enjoys it. By playing a role, an individual finds a place within the group one of the main desires of almost all students, and becomes a functioning part of the group.

1.  Psychological Roles of Teachers:

How groups and individuals behave in the classroom is greatly influenced by how they perceive the teacher. Like it or not, teachers fill many different roles and present many different images. Some of these roles and images are:

2.  Representatives of society:

Teachers reflect and develop values, moral attitudes, and thinking patterns typical of the community. Teachers also judge students' behavior, character, work, and progress.

3.  Source of knowledge:

Teachers are the primary source of knowledge, a resource from which to obtain information. Teachers help students learn by giving directions, furnishing information, requiring that work be done, removing obstacles to learning, and facilitating problem-solving.

4.  Role of Director

Teachers arbitrate and make decisions when disputes arise. They maintain security in the classroom; discover wrongdoing, and hand out consequences. They are responsible for modeling customs, manners, values, and beliefs that students are to imitate. This all ultimately helps to anxiety by maintaining standards of behavior, consistent environments, regular schedules, and freedom from danger or threat.

As you can see, teachers are assigned many roles by students. Sometimes they have little choice about those roles, but they can usually decide in part on the roles and on how and when to assume them. They may assume some roles wholeheartedly and avoid others completely, depending on how they wish to relate to students. Sometimes they may adopt or avoid certain roles if they are aware of a strong group need. In any event, teachers need to be sure that they are steady and consistent in the roles they assume.

Role of an Individual in the Development of any Society | Citizenship Education and Community Engagement | Course code 8606 | B.Ed Solved Assignment

 

Evaluate the role of an individual in the development of any society?

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Course code 8606

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment

ANSWER 

Individual Status and his/her Role in Society

In sociology, individual social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in society (one's social position). It may also refer to a rank or position that one holds in a group, for example, son or daughter, playmate, pupil, etc. Social status, the position or rank of a  person or group within society, can be determined in two ways. One can earn his or her social status through one's own achievements, which is known as achieved status. Alternatively, one can be placed in the stratification system by his or her inherited position, which is called ascribed status. Ascribed statuses can also be defined as those that are fixed for an individual at birth. Ascribed statuses that exist in all societies include those based on sex, age, race ethnic group, and family background. For example, a person born into a wealthy family characterized by traits such as popularity, talents, and high values will have many expectations growing up.

Therefore, he or she is given and taught many social roles as he or she is socially positioned into a family becoming equipped with all these traits and characteristics. Achieved statuses meaning also what the individual acquires during his or her lifetime as a result of the exercise of knowledge, ability, skill, and/or perseverance. Occupation provides an example of status that may be either ascribed or achieved, it can be achieved by one gaining the right knowledge and skill to become socially positioned into a higher position in that job; building a person’s social identity within the occupation.

A  role or a  social role is a  set of connected behaviors,  rights, and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. It is an expected or free or continuously changing behavior and may have a given individual social status or social position. Individuality is not the impersonal and mechanistic thing that the  State treats as an “individual". The individual is not merely the result of heredity and environment, of cause and effect. He is that and a great deal more, a great deal else. The living man cannot be defined; he is the fountainhead of all life and all values; he is not a part of this or of that; he is a whole, an individual whole, a growing, changing, yet always constant whole. For understanding the individual role in society it seems better to highlight the role of family, school, society, and individual which are affecting each other.

1.  Human family protects the young ones, thus illustrating the fact that the species comes into existence for more than procreation.

2.  Society developing the weaker members is an extension of the role of the family.

3.  School offers organized education.

4.  Family and society precede and succeed the school in offering institutionalized cultural education and education that is not yet fully organized.

5.  Society creates the individual and submits to his leading it.

6.  The final aim of the individual is to create a society where every individual is fully evolved.

7.  Family trains by social authority, school by the authority of knowledge, and society by its subconscious wisdom.

8.  In his growth the individual moves from physically inherited habits to opinion and attitude and finally by his own motive.

9.  Opinion of the mind and attitude of the vital are superseded by the motive of the being.

10.  Society fulfills itself when it discovers the wisdom, that it developed in the

individual

 

Code 8606| Collaboration Among Institutions which may lead towards National Development | assignment no 1| bed solved assignment| Citizenship Education and Community Engagement

Q NO 5   Explain  the  collaboration  among  the  institutions  which  may  lead  towards
national development?

aiou| assignment no 1| bed solved assignment| Citizenship Education and Community Engagement| Course Code 8606| Collaboration Among Institutions which may lead towards National Development.

Answer:

Education's mandate includes representing Sweden in the work to implement the European agenda for adult learning. Within the framework of the European Agenda for Adult Learning 2014-2015, Sweden will contribute with examples of effective collaboration forms in adult learning, with a view to primarily improve and streamline recruitment to adult education, as well as the continued path into the workplace. Adult education refers to the three types of schools, municipal education for adults at a basic level (Komvux), special education for adults at a basic level.

This report is a mapping of how interactions between different actors in basic adult education take place. The report describes the extent to which adult education interacts with different social institutions, such as municipal administrations or businesses, educational institutions and government agencies. The focus is primarily on how adult education reaches out to its target audience (with limited previous education), how they are captured by the municipal recruitment process and what organisational solutions or practices apply.

The  purpose  of  the  mapping  study  is  to  help  increase  the  knowledge  base  of  how collaboration between different actors within adult education takes place, and describe how effective  coordination  of  efforts  between  the  municipality's  adult  education  and  other operations functions, to ultimately in-crease the accessibility and the adaptation of adult education to the needs of the target group.

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