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Sunday, April 11, 2021

Concept of Physical Fitness | Purpose of Physical and Health Education | Ways to Integrate Health Education into other Subjects | Elementary Education | aiou solved assignment | Course Code 8623

  

Q.4 Explain the concept of physical fitness .Also state the purpose of physical and health education suggest ways to integrate health education into other subjects.

Course: Elementary Education 
Course Code 8623
Topics
Concept of Physical Fitness
  • Purpose of Physical and Health Education
  • Ways to Integrate Health Education into other Subjects

AIOU Solved Assignment |Semester: Autumn/Spring | B.Ed/Bacherlors in Education /Masters in Education / PHD in Education | BEd / MEd / M Phil Education | ASSIGNMENT Course Code 8623| Course: Elementary Education

Answer:


Definition 

Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of  temperament , character, and environment. 

 

Description 

Personality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth. A child's personality has several components: temperament, environment, and character. Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that determine the child's approach to the world and how the child learns about the world. There are no genes that specify personality traits, but some genes do control the development of the nervous system, which in turn controls behavior. 

 

A second component of personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a child's specific environment. Most psychologists agree that these two factors—temperament and environment—influence the development of a person's personality the most. Temperament, with its dependence on genetic factors, is sometimes referred to as "nature," while the environmental factors are called "nurture." 

 

While there is still controversy as to which factor ranks higher in affecting personality development, all experts agree that high-quality parenting plays a critical role in the development of a child's personality. 

 

When parents understand how their child responds to certain situations, they can anticipate issues that might be problematic for their child. They can prepare the child for the situation or in some cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation altogether. Parents who know how to adapt their parenting approach to the particular temperament of their child can best provide guidance and ensure the successful development of their child's personality. 

 

Finally, the third component of personality is character—the set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned from experience that determines how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. A person's character continues to evolve throughout life, although much depends on inborn traits and early experiences. Character is also dependent on a person's  moral development. 

 

In 1956, psychiatrist Erik Erikson provided an insightful description as to how personality develops based on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and adolescents from low, upper, and middle-class backgrounds. According to Erikson, the socialization process of an individual consists of eight phases, each one accompanied by a "psychosocial crisis" that must be solved if the person is to manage the next and subsequent phases satisfactorily. The stages significantly influence personality development, with five of them occurring during infancy, childhood, and  adolescence . 

 

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

 

In2013, the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance - now named SHAPE America - Society of Health and Physical Educators - revised the National Standards for K-12 Physical Education. The standards now specifically address the concern for physical literacy across the nation by adding "The physically literate individual . . ." to the beginning of each standard. The National Standards for K-12 Physical Education are as follows: 

 

• Standard 1 

The physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.

 

•  Standard 2 

The physically literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies and tactics related to movement and performance.

 

•  Standard 3 

The physically literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.

 

•  Standard 4 

The physically literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others.

 

•  Standard 5

The physically literate individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression and/or social interaction.

 

The concept of integrating physical education into the academic curriculum may seem a daunting task for classroom teachers. However, it is necessary, especially given that many students are kinesthetic learners (Hannaford, 1995). This chapter outlines these four steps for integrating physical education activities into the academic curriculum: 

 

  1. brainstorm integration ideas,
  2. link physical education standards with academic standards,
  3. develop grade-specific interdisciplinary activities, and 
  4. develop a plan to implement the activity. 

 

These steps will help you move from brainstorming general ideas to creating a plan to teach the activity in class.

 

INTEGRATED PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSON IDEAS 

  • PECentral has a section devoted to the classroom teacher and integrated lesson ideas (www.pecentral.org/lessonideas/classroom/classroom.asp). With over 250 lesson ideas, this section is a great place for classroom teachers to go for ready-made integrated lessons.

 

BRAINSTORM INTEGRATION IDEAS 

  • The first step in this approach is to brainstorm ideas for how physical education can be integrated into academic subjects. Consider mathematics. Your goal is to identify ways physical education could support the acquisition of mathematics skills expected of your students according to the standards. This might include outlining shapes with a rope or with the body, tossing balls or beanbags at specific geometric shapes, or traveling in a specific pathway. Elementary students need to be able to count in sequence, skip count, add, subtract, multiply, and divide. You can use several physical activities in a mathematics lesson to help students with these skills. For example, the student could move to the number of claps or beats, count the number of times a target is hit, or use movement to answer math flash cards. Older elementary students can measure time spent on a particular activity or tasks, construct graphs showing changes in heart rate during activity, or use pedometer data to show movement counts of different activities as ways to meet the standards for measuring, graphing, and so on. 

 

  • Integrating science and physical education in the elementary classroom is not hard to imagine. Physical activity addresses the systems of the body, and you can integrate the muscular and skeletal system easily through identifying muscles and bones used for activities. Involving other systems may require more setup. For example, you might do a  physical demonstration of the cardiovascular system in which you use physical education equipment to create a course; students travel through the course like a drop ofblood through the heart and lungs out to the body then back to the heart again. Another idea could be to illustrate the movement of the solar system by having the students physically moving like the planets would around the sun. You could also demonstrate Newton’s laws of motion, bringing the laws off the pages of a book into real-life view with physical movement.

 

  • Integrating physical education with social studies involves more creativity. Some examples include performing historical dances or reenacting historical events. Memorizing states or capitals may be easier for students in an activity setting (e.g.,naming the states in alphabetical order while jumping rope), and using pedometers in the classroom can help students walk across the United States without leaving the community. 

 

  • The elementary English language arts curriculum offers an array of areas that can be integrated with physical education. Reading ideas include performing the instructions written on station cards, reading about famous athletes or favorite sports, reading and assessing partners using a checklist of cue words for skill performance, and acting out the content of a book while reading it. Integrating writing could include writing reflections orjournals about physical activity experiences. Also, students could write reports about how to make healthy choices in nutrition and physical activities. For the speaking and listening part of the curriculum, students could give oral reports on various sport-related topics. Class discussions could include students sharing experiences with others in groups or in front of the class. You can integrate language skills into physical education through activities involving spelling words, sounding out syllables while dribbling a basketball, and acting out verbs.



LINK PHYSICAL EDUCATION STANDARDS WITH ACADEMIC STANDARDS 

  • When the brainstorming activities are completed, teachers will then move to more specific integration by using the National Standards for K-12 Physical Education. This second step will connect a physical education standard with an academic standard that the students are expected to meet. One way to get started is to brainstorm ideas of how an academic subject area could integrate with the National Standards. For example, National Standard 1 states that a physically literate individual will demonstrate competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns. 

 

DEVELOP GRADE-SPECIFIC INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES 

Now that you have developed a lot of ideas about connecting the academic standards to the National Standards for K-12 Physical Education, it is time to address the  Grade-Level outcomes. The third step includes working on grade-specific interdisciplinary activities. When developing interdisciplinary activities, each activity should be detailed enough that anyone reading the activity can see clearly the integration of both the physical education standard and the academic standard. In other words, the activity should detail what the students will be asked to do in order to meet the outcome. 

 

Here is an example of how an interdisciplinary activity can integrate a kindergarten math standard and a specific physical education grade-level outcome: Kindergartners need to be able to know number names and the count sequence to meet Common Core math standards for that grade level. A kindergartner also needs to be able to hop, gallop, run, slide, and skip while maintaining balance to meet the standard for locomotor skills. What sort of interdisciplinary activity can a teacher develop to help the young student meet both expectations? One idea could be to have the student count the number of hops it took to get from one spot to another. 

 

Another activity could be to draw the numbers from 1 to 10 on the floor and have the student say the number names as students skip over them. 

 

 


Related Topics of 

Course: Elementary Education (8623) 

Part 1

Q.1 Discuss elementary education in Pakistan and compare it with elementary education in India and Bangladesh.



Q.3 Elaborate the theories of personality development by focusing on the role of family in the personality development of a child.


Q.4 Explain the concept of physical fitness .Also state the purpose of physical and health education suggest ways to integrate health education into other.


Q.5 Discuss technique of questioning the development of higher mental processes from teachers as well as pupils point of view.


Part 2


Q. 1 Elaborate the difference among sociograms, social distance scale and guess who questionnaire in terms of their use.


Q. 2 Describe the terms of stress and anxiety for test. As a teacher what measures you suggest to reduce the test anxiety of the students.


Q. 3  Write down learning outcomes for any unit of English for  10th class and develop an easy type test item with rubric, 5 multiple choice questions and 5 short questions for the written learning outcomes.


Q. 4  a) Suggest measures to reduce cultural bias in the test? 


Q. 5  Give the characteristics of normal curve, also discuss its uses in educational assessment?

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