Q.4 Explain the concept of physical fitness .Also state the purpose of physical and health education suggest ways to integrate health education into other subjects.
Course: Elementary Education
Course Code 8623
Topics
Concept of Physical Fitness
- Purpose of Physical and Health Education
- Ways to Integrate Health Education into other Subjects
AIOU Solved Assignment |Semester: Autumn/Spring | B.Ed/Bacherlors in Education /Masters in Education / PHD in Education | BEd / MEd / M Phil Education | ASSIGNMENT Course Code 8623| Course: Elementary Education
Answer:
Definition
Personality development
is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that
makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing
interaction of temperament , character, and environment.
Description
Personality is what
makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth. A
child's personality has several components: temperament, environment, and
character. Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that determine
the child's approach to the world and how the child learns about the world.
There are no genes that specify personality traits, but some genes do control
the development of the nervous system, which in turn controls behavior.
A second component of
personality comes from adaptive patterns related to a child's specific
environment. Most psychologists agree that these two factors—temperament and
environment—influence the development of a person's personality the most.
Temperament, with its dependence on genetic factors, is sometimes referred to
as "nature," while the environmental factors are called
"nurture."
While there is still
controversy as to which factor ranks higher in affecting personality
development, all experts agree that high-quality parenting plays a critical
role in the development of a child's personality.
When parents understand
how their child responds to certain situations, they can anticipate issues that
might be problematic for their child. They can prepare the child for the
situation or in some cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation
altogether. Parents who know how to adapt their parenting approach to the
particular temperament of their child can best provide guidance and ensure the
successful development of their child's personality.
Finally, the third
component of personality is character—the set of emotional, cognitive, and
behavioral patterns learned from experience that determines how a person
thinks, feels, and behaves. A person's character continues to evolve throughout
life, although much depends on inborn traits and early experiences. Character
is also dependent on a person's moral development.
In 1956, psychiatrist
Erik Erikson provided an insightful description as to how personality develops
based on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and
adolescents from low, upper, and middle-class backgrounds. According to
Erikson, the socialization process of an individual consists of eight phases,
each one accompanied by a "psychosocial crisis" that must be solved
if the person is to manage the next and subsequent phases satisfactorily. The
stages significantly influence personality development, with five of them
occurring during infancy, childhood, and adolescence .
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
In2013, the American
Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance - now named SHAPE
America - Society of Health and Physical Educators - revised the National
Standards for K-12 Physical Education. The standards now specifically address
the concern for physical literacy across the nation by adding "The
physically literate individual . . ." to the beginning of each standard.
The National Standards for K-12 Physical Education are as follows:
• Standard 1
The physically
literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and
movement patterns.
• Standard 2
The physically
literate individual applies knowledge of concepts, principles, strategies and
tactics related to movement and performance.
• Standard
3
The physically
literate individual demonstrates the knowledge and skills to achieve and
maintain a health-enhancing level of physical activity and fitness.
• Standard 4
The physically
literate individual exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that
respects self and others.
• Standard 5
The physically literate
individual recognizes the value of physical activity for health, enjoyment,
challenge, self-expression and/or social interaction.
The concept of
integrating physical education into the academic curriculum may seem a daunting
task for classroom teachers. However, it is necessary, especially given that
many students are kinesthetic learners (Hannaford, 1995). This chapter outlines
these four steps for integrating physical education activities into the
academic curriculum:
- brainstorm integration ideas,
- link physical education standards with academic
standards,
- develop grade-specific interdisciplinary activities,
and
- develop a plan to implement the activity.
These steps will help you move from
brainstorming general ideas to creating a plan to teach the activity in class.
INTEGRATED PHYSICAL
EDUCATION LESSON IDEAS
- PECentral has a section devoted
to the classroom teacher and integrated lesson ideas
(www.pecentral.org/lessonideas/classroom/classroom.asp). With over 250
lesson ideas, this section is a great place for classroom teachers to go
for ready-made integrated lessons.
BRAINSTORM INTEGRATION
IDEAS
- The first step in this approach
is to brainstorm ideas for how physical education can be integrated into
academic subjects. Consider mathematics. Your goal is to identify ways
physical education could support the acquisition of mathematics skills
expected of your students according to the standards. This might include
outlining shapes with a rope or with the body, tossing balls or beanbags
at specific geometric shapes, or traveling in a specific pathway.
Elementary students need to be able to count in sequence, skip count, add,
subtract, multiply, and divide. You can use several physical activities in
a mathematics lesson to help students with these skills. For example, the
student could move to the number of claps or beats, count the number of
times a target is hit, or use movement to answer math flash cards. Older
elementary students can measure time spent on a particular activity or
tasks, construct graphs showing changes in heart rate during activity, or
use pedometer data to show movement counts of different activities as ways
to meet the standards for measuring, graphing, and so on.
- Integrating science and
physical education in the elementary classroom is not hard to imagine.
Physical activity addresses the systems of the body, and you can integrate
the muscular and skeletal system easily through identifying muscles and
bones used for activities. Involving other systems may require more setup.
For example, you might do a physical demonstration of the
cardiovascular system in which you use physical education equipment to
create a course; students travel through the course like a drop ofblood
through the heart and lungs out to the body then back to the heart again.
Another idea could be to illustrate the movement of the solar system by
having the students physically moving like the planets would around the
sun. You could also demonstrate Newton’s laws of motion, bringing the laws
off the pages of a book into real-life view with physical movement.
- Integrating physical education
with social studies involves more creativity. Some examples include
performing historical dances or reenacting historical events. Memorizing
states or capitals may be easier for students in an activity setting
(e.g.,naming the states in alphabetical order while jumping rope), and using
pedometers in the classroom can help students walk across the United
States without leaving the community.
- The elementary English language
arts curriculum offers an array of areas that can be integrated with
physical education. Reading ideas include performing the instructions
written on station cards, reading about famous athletes or favorite
sports, reading and assessing partners using a checklist of cue words for
skill performance, and acting out the content of a book while reading it.
Integrating writing could include writing reflections orjournals about
physical activity experiences. Also, students could write reports about
how to make healthy choices in nutrition and physical activities. For the
speaking and listening part of the curriculum, students could give oral
reports on various sport-related topics. Class discussions could include
students sharing experiences with others in groups or in front of the
class. You can integrate language skills into physical education through
activities involving spelling words, sounding out syllables while
dribbling a basketball, and acting out verbs.
LINK PHYSICAL EDUCATION
STANDARDS WITH ACADEMIC STANDARDS
- When the brainstorming
activities are completed, teachers will then move to more specific
integration by using the National Standards for K-12 Physical Education.
This second step will connect a physical education standard with an
academic standard that the students are expected to meet. One way to get
started is to brainstorm ideas of how an academic subject area could
integrate with the National Standards. For example, National Standard 1
states that a physically literate individual will demonstrate competency
in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.
DEVELOP GRADE-SPECIFIC
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
Now that you have
developed a lot of ideas about connecting the academic standards to the
National Standards for K-12 Physical Education, it is time to address the
Grade-Level outcomes. The third step includes working on grade-specific
interdisciplinary activities. When developing interdisciplinary activities,
each activity should be detailed enough that anyone reading the activity can
see clearly the integration of both the physical education standard and the
academic standard. In other words, the activity should detail what the students
will be asked to do in order to meet the outcome.
Here is an example of
how an interdisciplinary activity can integrate a kindergarten math standard
and a specific physical education grade-level outcome: Kindergartners need to
be able to know number names and the count sequence to meet Common Core math
standards for that grade level. A kindergartner also needs to be able to hop,
gallop, run, slide, and skip while maintaining balance to meet the standard for
locomotor skills. What sort of interdisciplinary activity can a teacher develop
to help the young student meet both expectations? One idea could be to have the
student count the number of hops it took to get from one spot to another.
Another activity could be to draw the numbers
from 1 to 10 on the floor and have the student say the number names as students
skip over them.
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