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Friday, January 10, 2020

Course Code 8605| Different Kinds of Registers at school and their Roles | Educational Leadership and Management | solved assignment

Q.3 Briefly discuss the different kinds of registers at school and their roles.

                Topic:  Different Types of Registers at School| Roles of Registers at School |
                Course: Educational Leadership and Management | 
                Course Code 8605
                Bachlors/Masters/M.Phil/MS in Education
                BEd/ MEd/MA Education
                Allama Iqbal Open University
                     BEd Solved Assignment Course Code 8605| AIOU | 1.5 Year | 2.5 Year | 4 Year
                     Part 2

Answer:

Again, there are several types of educational records maintained in the form of registers in a school. Some of these include:

(a) Attendance Registers:


As for as possible, only one attendance register should be kept by a teacher. Usually, students’ attendance register is maintained by their class-teacher and it maintains a record of students’ names with their attendance on every working day.

Great care should be taken to see that attendance is regularly and properly marked. Attendance should be, ideally, marked twice a day, one in the morning or beginning of the school day and the other at the end of the school day.

No blank spaces should be left in the register and no dots in pencil should be marked in it. It should be filled in with ink only. However, one can use some letters to make the process of marking the attendance faster such as ‘P’ for being present, ‘A’ for absence, ‘S’ for sickness and ‘L’ for leave.

Usually, names of boys and girls are entered separately though it does not serve any specific purpose. For the sake of convenience, students’ names should be entered in the register in an alphabetical order. Holidays need to be shown in the attendance register along with the nature of the holiday, e.g. Sunday; Diwali, Christmas etc.

If a student wishes to remain absent, application for leave must be signed by his\her parent or guardian. The application must clearly specify the reason for absence and vague reasons such as ‘urgent domestic work’ should not be accepted.

In case of absence for a longer duration on account of sickness, a doctor’s medical certificate should accompany the application for leave. If a student remains absent for a longer duration i.e. about a week or longer without intimation, the principal should be informed immediately.

At the last day of the month, the total number of working days along with the number of days each student has remained present in school need to be entered in the register in a separate column.                                                                                          

(b) Teachers’ Attendance Register:


This is generally kept in the principal or supervisor’s office. It should show the time of arrival and departure of a teacher. It should be regularly signed by a teacher twice a day, once when he/she arrives at the school and once at the end of the school day.

Holidays and their nature should be entered in this register. It should also indicate the number and nature of leave taken by teachers such as casual leave, sick leave, leave without pay, duty leave, etc. All applications of leave must be filed in the school office.

In case of medical leave, a doctor’s certificate must accompany the leave application. Leave application needs to be sanctioned by the principal.

At the end of each month, the number of days’ casual or sick leave taken during the month should be entered in the register. Names of the teachers are usually entered in this register in order of seniority along with their dates of appointment confirmation.

In addition to these two, there are some other records to be maintained by a school. These include:

(c) Records of Time-tables:

(d) Examination Result’s Records:

(e) Teachers’ Log-book:


It is a record showing details about the daily teaching- learning activities of a teacher. It contains details about the date, class, chapter, objectives of the lesson, teaching points, teacher’s activities, students’ activities, audio-visual aids used, home-work given to students, students asked question at the time of recapitulation and evaluation of the lessons questions the tests conducted.

It also contains space for supervisor’s and principal’s remarks, if any, while supervising teacher’s lessons in the classroom. This log-book may be in the form of a printed book or loose sheets papers to be kept neatly in a file. Nowadays, instead of a book or sheets of paper, some schools use computers for recording such details.

A Log-book helps in advance planning of weekly teaching-learning activities, in ensuring that teaching of lesson is as per these plans and in maintaining a record for future reference. It is aimed at making daily work of a teacher more systematic and organized.

(f) Conduct Register:

In which the general conduct of all students is recorded. However, if regular progress reports are maintained, such a register may not be kept.

(g) Punishment Register:


In which a record is kept of punishments give by the principal or teachers. However, this register is meant only for serious infractions of rules or misconduct or breaches of discipline.

This register should include name and class of the student, date of misconduct, nature of the breach
of discipline, nature of punishment and signature of the principal. All cases entered in this register
must be reported to the parents concerned and the date of reporting to parents must be entered in
the register.

The principal can also enter in this register, at a later date, his/her remarks concerning the effect of the punishment-positive, negative or indifferent on the student.

(h) Cumulative Records:

The importance of adequate student records cannot be over emphasized as they give assistance to a  teacher  in  improving  his/her  instructional  programme  by  understanding  the  make-up  of individual student in his or her class better.

Individual development trends and academic achievement patterns become clearly discernible through and cumulative record card. Proper placement and objective scheduling of student is possible through the use of cumulative record cards. The more a teacher knows about his/her student, the greater is his\her interest in their Welfare.

A central cumulative file should be organized by the clerical staff so the teachers are spared from this continuous responsibility of receiving and issuing records to other interested personnel. Cumulative records should be kept up-to-date and absolutely confidential.

A good cumulative record card should contain the following information about each student:

(1) Name in full, date and place of birth, name of the previous school attended and its location.

(2) Photograph of the student, general registration number of the student.

(3) Academic achievement in terms of marks and/or grades obtained from KG class onwards.

(4) Scholastic aptitude test scores, scholastic ability test scores.

(5) Results of personality and interest inventories and aptitude tests.

(6) Home address.


(7) Information about home background, number of family members, Ziblings, step-parent (if any), languages spoke l, occupation of parents or guardian and his\her office address, family and 

      home relationships.

(8) Attendance data, health record, maturation characteristics, accomplishments and honours, interests and actives, educational and occupational aspirations and other comments.


Course Code 8605| Different Kinds of Registers at school and their Roles | Educational Leadership and Management | solved assignment

Thursday, January 9, 2020

What factors affect school discipline | Educational Leadership and Management | aiou solved assignment course code 8605


Q.1  What factors affect school discipline?


Topic:  Factors Affecting School Discipline|
Course: Educational Leadership and Management | 
Course Code 8605
Bachlors/Masters/M.Phil/MS in Education
BEd/ MEd/MA Education
Allama Iqbal Open University
BEd Solved Assignment Course Code 8605| AIOU | 1.5 Year | 2.5 Year | 4 Year
Part 2


Q.1   What factors affect school discipline?

Answer:

It can be hard to know which consequences and discipline strategies will work best for your child. Every child is different and discipline techniques that work for one child might not work for another. Although it can take a bit of trial and error to discover which discipline strategies will work best for your child, these five factors can help you narrow down the most effective consequences.
Your Child's Characteristics
Your child’s characteristics influence how she will respond to various discipline strategies. Characteristics include personality, temperament, physical abilities, talents, skills, strengths, and weaknesses. Parenting a defiant child who is easily frustrated requires different discipline strategies compared to a calm child who is eager to please. Also, a child who is clumsy and is teased by peers at school will benefit from different interventions when compared to an athletic child who is popular with peers. For these reasons, it's important to consider what types of rules, limits, and consequences will be best suited to your child's unique characteristic Consider the fit between your characteristics and your child’s characteristics.

Take note of the similarities and differences between your personalities, temperament, and preferences. This can point to areas where you may have less tolerance for average behaviors. For example, if you are a low-key person who prefers a quiet household, you might struggle to have patience with a loud, hyperactive child. Or, if you have low frustration tolerance, you may struggle to help a child with a learning disability complete his homework. Examining these factors can increase your awareness of steps that will be more effective in accommodating and disciplining your child.

Understanding which areas you and your child are well-matched, as well as the areas that might not be completely in-line, can help you craft an effective discipline plan that takes both of your needs into consideration.

Life Changes and Stressors

Life experiences influence a child’s behaviors. Moving to a new home, attending a new school, or adjusting to a new baby in the home are examples of factors that influence behaviors. Take note of any recent changes and how this affects your child. For example, a child who is struggling to adjust to a new baby in the home may be feeling left out and may not respond well to a time-out that  separates him from the family and leave him feeling even more left out. Or, if your family moved to a new city and your child uses electronics to communicate with his former friends, you may not want to take away his phone for misbehavior. Talking to his friends may be one of his best coping skills.

Consequences for Positive Behaviors

The consequence a child receives for positive behavior determines the likelihood that these behaviors will occur again. Examine how you respond when your child follows the rules, listens, and behaves respectfully. Does your child receive praise? Are there any rewards for following the rules? Does your child gain any privileges for making good choices?

Don't let good behavior go unnoticed. If your child is playing quietly, praise him for doing so. Although you might fear praise will interrupt him, it can actually reinforce him to continue to keep playing quietly. Offer praise, attention, and rewards that will motivate your child to follow the rules. If you find that your child is not getting enough positive reinforcement for good behaviors, adjust your discipline strategy to increase your child’s motivation to behave.

Consequences for Negative Behaviors

Sometimes, children receive reinforcement for negative behaviors, which encourages them to continue misbehaving. For example, a child who receives a lot of attention for whining learns that whining is an effective way to get attention. Negative attention can be very reinforcing. Yelling, arguing, or pleading with your child, may actually be encouraging your child to misbehave. Negative behaviors need a negative consequence in order to discourage them from continuing. Sometimes ignoring mild misbehavior is the most effective consequence.

Negative consequences also need to be consistent. If you are inconsistent with giving timeout or taking away a privilege, your child will continue to misbehave in hopes he won’t get a consequence this time. Providing consistent consequences teaches your child that each negative behavior results in a negative consequence. So it's important to evaluate the consequences you are currently using and determine whether you might want to implement other punishments that could be more effective.

Different aspects of Educational Financing Educational


Q.2 Discuss different aspects of educational financing concerning school education. 


Course: Educational Leadership and Management 
Course Code 8605
BEd Solved Assignment 

Answer:

Educators can argue that the funding within education determines student success, staff morale, and the overall functionality of the school system. The importance of understanding all types of funding is crucial to your development as an Educator, parent/guardian, and student. In this blog, state funding will be addressed and aid in creating a better understanding of trends and issues in school financing systems.

States generally use one of four types of school financing systems to provide districts with state funds: foundation, general aid, flat rate/local effort equalization, and full state funding. When using the foundation financing system, states set a desired (guaranteed) per-pupil amount they wish to see spent on students' education in the state (e.g., at $12,000 per pupil). States then make up the difference between the amount generated by districts' local taxes and the state-guaranteed per-pupil amount.

General aid is a foundation approach using three separate calculations to establish the amount districts receive from the state. When determining state aid to districts, states consider the guaranteed minimum per pupil and calculations of the percentage of district resources below or above the guaranteed minimum.

The flat rate/local effort equalization financing system is based on a quantifiable unit of need, such as a district's average daily attendance or total school enrollment, and on districts' property tax rates to determine state aid. Schools are fully funded in Hawaii and Vermont, with no consideration of local taxes.
Two other states have rather unique ways of providing state funds to local school districts. In Pennsylvania, school districts receive a percentage of state funds based on the amount a district needs to address key educational principles established by the state. Wisconsin uses a guaranteed tax base system, where all districts, regardless of their level of wealth, have the same tax rate. As a result, Wisconsin raises the same amount allocated per pupil from a combination of state and local sources.

Tax sources of funding are equally diverse and vary according to state. The three main tax sources providing input to education are income tax, sales tax, and property taxes. Income taxation, however, is generally enacted at a federal rather than at a state level, with much federal education aid originating from income taxes. Taxes levied on corporations are also included in income tax, although the rate of taxation differs among states. Sales tax is generated based on the sale of goods or commodities, which is paid by the person buying the goods. A special type of tax, excise tax, is levied on items that are considered undesirable for consumption, or that consumers are encouraged to spend less on, including cigarettes, gasoline, and liquor. Sales and income taxes make up approximately two-thirds of all monies channeled into education, while the income derived from excise taxes makes up the remaining third.

Currently, lotteries are being marketed as a novel way of paying for public education. But in many cases, education actually ends up getting the short end of the stick. Instead of using lottery funds as additional funding for schools, state governments use these monies to cover the education budget and spend the monies that would be traditionally earmarked for education on other issues. In short, public school budgets have not received any additional funding as a result of lotteries. In the end, billions of dollars indeed pour into the U.S. education system, but not in the manner that we have been led to believe.

Property taxation is the most important source of revenue-generating taxation at a local level. Approximately half of the revenue generated from property tax is allocated for education. The exact amount of revenue generated from property taxes varies from region to region, due to differences in property tax rates that are based not only on the perceived value of the property but also on the amount/percentage that a constituency is willing to charge its homeowners as tax.

The school district tax rate is determined by calculating the total assessed valuation of the district, which refers to the amount of money required to be generated divided by the local tax base. The school district tax rate, however, is subject to a legal maximum, which may not be exceeded. The school district tax is added to the tax rates of other services (including fire relief, ambulance, or police services) and is described as a percentage or "millage," where one mill is equal to one-tenth of a percent. Thus, a tax rate expressed as 312 mills is equivalent to 31.2%.

During the late 1960s and in 1970s, property values and taxation increased far more rapidly than other forms of wealth, resulting in mass dissatisfaction with the rate of property taxation. This gradually led to various legal reforms regarding the taxation of property, which again varied between individual states. In 1993, Michigan decided to replace school funds generated from local property taxes with state-generated funds. The state increased both sales tax and taxes on luxury items such as cigarettes, reallocating funds to its poorer districts, and ensuring a more equitable education for all children in the state. Other states have followed suit and have come to rely less on property taxes as a funding base for their educational systems.

In some instances, wealthier school districts have reacted to the redistribution of educational funding by actively setting out to ensure that their schools are not endangered or placed on a fiscal par with less economically fortunate areas. The Parent Teacher Association (PTA), which can receive state and national funds, and Parent Teacher Organizations (PTOs), which cannot, work with local businesses to ensure that funds other than those generated and allocated by the state are available to their schools. Parent groups conduct fundraisers and seek monies from private foundations. Some parent groups have sought legal support to ensure adequate funding for their schools. These advocates want to ensure that all schools have a base minimum amount of money on which to operate their programs and services.

The allocation of funds for education is determined by the governor and can vary greatly from state to state. The authorities must determine how available funds will be divided among all educational entities in the state. States typically funnel education funds to school districts through state departments of education. Schools may receive funds based on any or all of the following: enrollment, educational programs, or the types of activities they offer students.

Furthermore, some funds are designated for specific purposes: some can only be used for technology; others are solely for textbooks or school supplies. Thus, some schools may have a pool of money allocated to one resource, while sorely needing another. This can have a direct impact on you as a teacher. For example, you may need art supplies for your third-grade class, but because no money is specifically allocated for this purchase, you may have to be creative in how you provision your art program. You may have to consider approaching local businesses for donations of money or supplies. You may also have to sharpen your grant writing skills and apply to both corporations and foundations for that much-needed extra cash.

Take the time to review your school's financing system and how state funding may be creating a greater impact that is unaware to you. If your school is lacking in areas that are affecting student success consider researching the suggestions made in this blog such as submitting grants for additional funding.


Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Factors Affecting School Discipline | Educational Leadership and Management



Q.1   What factors affect school discipline?


Topic:  Factors Affecting School Discipline|
Course: Educational Leadership and Management | 
Course Code 8605
Bachlors/Masters/M.Phil/MS in Education
BEd/ MEd/MA Education
Allama Iqbal Open University
BEd Solved Assignment Course Code 8605| AIOU | 1.5 Year | 2.5 Year | 4 Year
Part 2


Q.1   What factors affect school discipline?
Answer:
It can be hard to know which consequences and discipline strategies will work best for your child. Every child is different and discipline techniques that work for one child might not work for another. Although it can take a bit of trial and error to discover which discipline strategies will work best for your child, these five factors can help you narrow down the most effective consequences.
Your Child's Characteristics
Your child’s characteristics influence how she will respond to various discipline strategies. Characteristics include personality, temperament, physical abilities, talents, skills, strengths, and weaknesses. Parenting a defiant child who is easily frustrated requires different discipline strategies compared to a calm child who is eager to please. Also, a child who is clumsy and is teased by peers at school will benefit from different interventions when compared to an athletic child who is popular with peers. For these reasons, it's important to consider what types of rules, limits, and consequences will be best suited to your child's unique characteristics Consider the fit between your characteristics and your child’s characteristics.

Take note of the similarities and differences between your personalities, temperament, and preferences. This can point to areas where you may have less tolerance for average behaviors. For example, if you are a low-key person who prefers a quiet household, you might struggle to have patience with a loud, hyperactive child. Or, if you have low frustration tolerance, you may struggle to help a child with a learning disability complete his homework. Examining these factors can increase your awareness of steps that will be more effective in accommodating and disciplining your child.

Understanding which areas you and your child are well-matched, as well as the areas that might not be completely in-line, can help you craft an effective discipline plan that takes both of your needs into consideration.

Life Changes and Stressors

Life experiences influence a child’s behaviors. Moving to a new home, attending a new school, or adjusting to a new baby in the home are examples of factors that influence behaviors. Take note of any recent changes and how this affects your child. For example, a child who is struggling to adjust to a new baby in the home may be feeling left out and may not respond well to a time-out that  separates him from the family and leave him feeling even more left out. Or, if your family moved to a new city and your child uses electronics to communicate with his former friends, you may not want to take away his phone for misbehavior. Talking to his friends may be one of his best coping skills.

Consequences for Positive Behaviors

The consequence a child receives for positive behavior determines the likelihood that these behaviors will occur again. Examine how you respond when your child follows the rules, listens, and behaves respectfully. Does your child receive praise? Are there any rewards for following the rules? Does your child gain any privileges for making good choices?

Don't let good behavior go unnoticed. If your child is playing quietly, praise him for doing so. Although you might fear praise will interrupt him, it can actually reinforce him to continue to keep playing quietly. Offer praise, attention, and rewards that will motivate your child to follow the rules. If you find that your child is not getting enough positive reinforcement for good behaviors, adjust your discipline strategy to increase your child’s motivation to behave.

Consequences for Negative Behaviors

Sometimes, children receive reinforcement for negative behaviors, which encourages them to continue misbehaving. For example, a child who receives a lot of attention for whining learns that whining is an effective way to get attention. Negative attention can be very reinforcing. Yelling, arguing, or pleading with your child, may actually be encouraging your child to misbehave. Negative behaviors need a negative consequence in order to discourage them from continuing. Sometimes ignoring mild misbehavior is the most effective consequence.

Negative consequences also need to be consistent. If you are inconsistent with giving timeout or taking away a privilege, your child will continue to misbehave in hopes he won’t get a consequence this time. Providing consistent consequences teaches your child that each negative behavior results in a negative consequence. So it's important to evaluate the consequences you are currently using and determine whether you might want to implement other punishments that could be more effective.

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