Q. 2 Explain evolution of different approaches of management.
Course: Management Strategies in Educational Institutions
Course Code 8615
Topics
- Need and Scope of management
- Different features of management
- Objectives of management
Answer:
The three approaches to the evolution of management.
The approaches are:
1. The Classical Approach
2. The Behavioral Approach
3. The Quantitative Approach.
1. The Classical Approach:
The classical school represented the
first major systematic approach to management thought. It was distinguished by
its emphasis on finding way to get the work of each employee done faster. It is
primarily based upon the economic rationality of all employees.
This evolved that people are
motivated by economic incentives and that they will rationally consider
opportunities that provide for them the greatest economic gain. The classical
school can be broken down into three historical philosophies of management.
B. Administrative Management Approach:
Scientific management focused
primarily on the efficiency of production, but administrative management
focused on formal organization structure and the delineation of the basic
process of general management. This approach is also known as functional or
process approach and is based primarily on the ideas of Henry Fayol
(1841-1925). Henry Fayol is recognized as the first person to systematize the
administrative approach activities into six groups, all of which are closely
dependent on one another.
2. The Behavioral Approach:
The behavioral approach on the human
relations approach is based upon the premise of increase in production and
managerial efficiency through an understanding of the people. The human relations
approach of management involves with the human behavior and focused attention
on the human beings in the organization. The growth and popularity of this
approach is attributable to Elton Mayo (1880- 1949) and his Hawthorne
experiments.
The Hawthorne experiments were
carried out at the Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. These experiments
were carried out by Elton Mayo and the staff of the Harvard Business School,
main researchers were Elton Mayo, White Head, Roethlisberger and Dickson. The
first of Mayo’s four studies took place at a Philadelphia textile mill.
The problem he investigated was
excessive labor turnover in a department where work was particularly monotonous
and fatiguing. The workers tended to sink into a dejected, disconsolate mood
soon after being assigned there eventually they would lose their tempers for no
apparent reason and impulsively quit. At first Mayo thought the reason for the
worker’s behavior must be physical fatigue.
So, he instituted a series of rest
periods, during the workday. In course of trying to schedule these periods in
the most efficient manner, management experimented with allowing the workers to
do the scheduling themselves. The effect was dramatic. Turnover fell sharply to
about the same level as that for the rest of the plant, productivity shot
upward and the melancholy moods disappeared.
Similar results were obtained at the
Hawthorne plant of the western electric company. Mayo’s another studies made at
the Bank hiring room and at an aircraft factory. Hence the Mayo’s study showed
that the role played by social needs is more responsive to the social forces
operating at work than the economic rewards.
3. The Quantitative Approach:
This approach involves the
application of modern quantitative or mathematical techniques for solving
managerial problems. This approach is also known as decision theory approach,
mathematical approach, quantitative approach, operational approach etc. These
quantitative tools and methodologies are designed to add in decision- making
relating to operations and production.
According to Lindsay, these
techniques assist the management for improving their decisions by:
a)
Increasing the number of alternatives that can be
considered.
b)
Assisting in faster decision-making based upon objective
analysis of available information.
c)
Helping management in evaluating the risks and results
of different courses of action.
d)
Helping to bring into optimum balance the many diverse
elements of a modern enterprise.
I.
The technique generally involves the following 4
steps:
(i)
A mathematical model is constructed with variables
reflecting the important factors in the situation to be analyzed.
(ii)
The decision rules are established and some standards
are set for the purpose of comparing the relative merits of possible courses of
actions.
(iii)
The empirical data is gathered which would relate
parameters in the goal utility.
(iv)
The mathematical calculations are executed so as to find
a course of action that will maximize the objective function or the goal
utility.
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