What is a measure of difference? Explain different types of tests in detail with examples. How are these tests used in hypothesis testing?
Course: Introduction to Educational Statistics
Course Code 8614
Topics
Measure of difference
- Explain different types of tests?
- How are these tests used in hypothesis testing?
- Diagnostic tests, Placement tests, Internal tests, External tests
Answer:
In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of the difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation (positive or negative), reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference.
Whether you like them or not, tests
are a way of checking your knowledge or comprehension. They are the main instruments
used to evaluate your learning by most educational institutions. According to
research studies, tests have another benefit: they make you learn and remember
more than you might have otherwise. Although it may seem that all tests are the
same, many different types of tests exist and each has a different purpose and
style.
Diagnostic Tests
These tests are used to diagnose how
much you know and what you know. They can help a teacher know what needs to be
reviewed or reinforced in class. They also enable the student to identify areas
of weakness.
Placement Tests
These tests are used to place
students in the appropriate class or level. For example, in language schools,
placement tests are used to check a student’s language level through grammar,
vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing, and speaking questions. After
establishing the student level, the student is placed in the appropriate
class to suit his/her needs.
Progress or Achievement Tests
Achievement or progress tests measure
the student's improvement in their syllabus. These tests only
contain items that the students have been taught in class. There are two types
of progress tests: short-term and long-term.
Short-term progress tests check how
well students have understood or learned the material covered in specific units or
chapters. They enable the teacher to decide if remedial or consolidation work
is required.
Proficiency Tests
These tests check learner levels about general standards. They provide a broad picture of knowledge and
ability. In English language learning, examples are the TOEFL and IELTS exams,
which are mandatory for foreign-language speakers seeking admission to
English-speaking universities. In addition, the TOEIC (Test of English for
International Communication) checks students' knowledge of Business English,
as a prerequisite for employment.
Internal Tests
Internal tests are those given by the
institution where the learner is taking the course. They are often given at the
end of a course in the form of a final exam.
External Tests
External tests are those given by an
outside body. Examples are the TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, SAT, ACT, LSAT, GRE, and
GMAT. The exams themselves are the basis for admission to university, job
recruitment, or promotion.
Objective Tests
Objective tests are those that have
clear right or wrong answers. Multiple-choice tests fall into this group.
Students have to select a pre-determined correct answer from three or four
possibilities.
Subjective Tests
Subjective tests require the marker
or examiner to make a subjective judgment regarding the marks deserved.
Examples are essay questions and oral interviews. For such tests, both examiner and student must be aware of the grading
criteria to increase their validity.
Combination Tests
Many tests are a combination of
objective and subjective styles. For example, on the TOEFL IBT, the Test of
English as a Foreign Language, the reading and listening sections are
objective, and the writing and speaking sections are subjective.
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