Canonical Tag Script

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Course Code 8610| What is Cognition?| Theories of Cognition | Human Development & Learning| BEd Solved Assignment


What is Cognition? Explain different theories of cognition.


CourseHuman Development & Learning

Course code 8610

Level: B.Ed Solved Assignment 


Answer


Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, in addition to other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types of intelligence, why some people are better at problem-solving than others, and how emotional intelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. They also sometimes focus on how we organize thoughts and information gathered from our environments into meaningful categories of thought, which will be discussed later.

Social Cognitive Theory


In the Social Cognitive Theory, we are considering 3 variables:
  • Behavioral Factors
  • Environmental Factors (Extrinsic)
  • Personal Factors (Intrinsic)
These 3 variables in Social Cognitive Theory are said to be interrelated with each other, causing learning to occur. An individual’s personal experience can converge with the behavioral determinants and environmental factors.




Social Cognitive Theory Illustration (Perjures, 2002)


In the person-environment interaction, human beliefs, ideas, and cognitive competencies are modified by external factors such as a supportive parent, a stressful environment, or a hot climate. In the person-behavior interaction, the cognitive processes of a person affect his behavior; likewise, the performance of such behavior can modify the way he thinks. Lastly, in the environment-behavior interaction, external factors can alter the way you display the behavior.



Also, your behavior can affect and modify your environment. This model clearly implies that for effective and positive learning to occur an individual should have positive personal characteristics, exhibit appropriate behavior, and stay in a supportive environment.



In addition, Social Cognitive Theory states that new experiences are to be evaluated by the learner using analyzing his past experiences with the same determinants. Learning, therefore, is a result of a thorough evaluation of the present experience versus the past.


1.  Observational Learning


Learning from other people using observing them is an effective way of gaining knowledge and altering behavior.


2.  Reproduction


the process wherein there is an aim to effectively increase the repeating of behavior using putting the individual in a comfortable environment with readily accessible materials to motivate him to retain the new knowledge and behavior learned and practice them.

3.  Self-efficacy


The course wherein the learner improves his newly learned knowledge or behavior by putting it into practice

4.  Emotional coping


Good coping mechanisms against stressful environments and negative personal characteristics can lead to effective learning, especially in adults.

5.  Self-regulatory capability


Ability to control behavior even within an unfavorable environment


B. Cognitive Behavioural Theory

Cognitive Behavioural Theory describes the role of cognition (knowing) in determining and predicting the behavioral pattern of an individual. This theory was developed by Aaron Beck. The Cognitive Behavioral Theory says that individuals tend to form self-concepts that affect the behavior they display. These concepts can be positive or negative and can be affected by a person’s environment.


Genitive Behavioral Theory further explains human behavior and learning using the cognitive triad. This triad includes negative thoughts about:

1.  The self (i.e., I am rubbish)

2.  The world/environment (i.e., the world is irrational)

3.  The future (i.e., my future is doomed)



Concrete operational

Children are much less egocentric in the concrete operational stage. It falls between the ages of 7 to 11 years old and is marked by more logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. The main goal at this stage is for a child to start working things out inside their head. This is called operational thought, and it allows kids to solve problems without physically encountering things in the real world.


Formal operational

Children 11 years old and older fall into Piaget’s formal operational stage. A milestone of this period is using symbols to understand abstract concepts. Not only that but older kids and adults can also think about multiple variables and come up with hypotheses based on previous knowledge.
Piaget believed that people of all ages developed intellectually. But he also believed that once a person reaches the formal operational stage, it’s more about building upon knowledge, not changing how it’s acquired or understood.


Related Topics




























No comments:

Post a Comment

If you have any question related to children education, teacher education, school administration or any question related to education field do not hesitate asking. I will try my best to answer. Thanks.

New BISE Gazzets of the Current Year

All Punjab Gazzets Sargodha Board Gazzet 2024 10th class Lahore Board 10th Class Gazzet Part 1 Lahore Board 10th Class Gazzet Part 2